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Project Gutenberg's Encyclopedia, vol. 1 ( A - Andropha

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secure the permanent harmony of the powers, was an effective 
instrument for peace during the years immediately following 
the downfall of Napoleon; and it set the precedent for those 
periodical meetings of the representatives of the powers, for 
the discussion and settlement of questions of international 
importance, which, though cumbrous and inefficient for 
constructive work, have contributed much to the preservation 
of the general peace (see EUROPE: History.) (W. A. P.) 

ALLIARIA OFFICINALIS, also known botanically as Sisymbrium 
Alliaria, and popularly as garlic-mustard, Jack-by-the-hedge, or 
sauce-alone, a common hedge-bank plant belonging to the natural order 
Cruciferae.  It is a rankly scented herb, 2 to 3 ft. high, with 
long-stalked, coarsely-toothed leaves, and small white flowers 
which are succeeded by stout long four-sided pods.  It is widely 
spread through the north temperate region of the Old World. 

ALLIBONE, SAMUEL AUSTIN (1816-1889), American author and 
bibliographer, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the 
17th of April 1816, of French Huguenot and Quaker ancestry.  
He was privately educated and for many years was engaged in 
mercantile business in his native city.  He, however, devoted 
himself chiefly to reading and to bibliographical research; 
acquired a very unusual knowledge of English and American 
literature, and is remembered as the compiler of the well-known 
Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and 
American Authors (3 vols.: vol. i. 1854, vols. ii. and iii. 
1871).  To this, two supplementary volumes, edited by John 
Foster Kirk, were added in 1891.  From 1867 to 1873, and 
again in 1877-1879, Allibone was book editor and corresponding 
secretary of the American Sunday School Union; and from 
1879 to 1888 he was librarian of the Lenox Library, New York 
City.  He died at Lucerne, Switzerland, on the 2nd of September 
1889.  In addition to his Critical Dictionary he published 
three large anthologies and several religious tracts. 

See the ``Memoir'' by S. D. M`Connell, an address delivered before 
the Historical Society of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1890). 

ALLIER (anc. Elaver), a river of central France flowing 
into the Loire.  It rises in the department of Lozere, among 
the Margeride mountains, a few miles east of the town of 
Mende.  The upper course of the Allier separates the mountains 
of the Margeride from those of the Velay and lies for the most 
part through deep gorges.  The river then traverses the plains 
of Langeac and Brioude, and receives the waters of the Alagnon 
some miles above the town of Issoire.  Swelled by torrents 
from the mountains of Dore and Dome, it unites with the river 
Dore at its entrance to the department to which it gives its 
name.  It then flows through a wide but shallow channel, joining 
the Sioule some distance above Moulins, the chief town on its 
banks.  It soon after becomes the boundary line between the 
departments of Cher and Nievre, and reaches the Loire 4 m. 
west of Nevers, after a course of 269 m.  Its basin has an 
area of 6755 sq. m.  The Allier is classed as navigable for the 
last 154 m. of its course, but there is little traffic on it. 

ALLIER, a department of central France, formed in 1790 
from the old province of Bourbonnais.  Pop. (1906) 417,961.  
Area, 2849 sq. m.  It is bounded N. by the department of 
Nievre, E. by Saone-et-Loire, from which it is divided by 
the river Loire, S.E. by Loire, S. by Puy-de-Dome, S.W. by 
Crouse and N.W. by Cher.  Situated on the northern border 
of the Central Plateau, the department slopes from south to 
north.  Its highest altitudes are found in the south-east, 
in the Bois-Noirs, where one point reaches 4239 ft., and in 
the Monts de la Madeleine.  Plains alternating with forests 
occupy the northern zone of the department, while the central 
and western regions form an undulating and well-watered 
plateau.  Entering the department in the south, and, like the 
other chief rivers, flowing almost due north, the Allier drains 
the central district, receiving on its left the Sioule.  East 
of the Allier is the Bebre, which joins the Loire within the 
limits of the department; and on the west the Cher, with its 
tributary the Aumance.  Rigorous and rainy in the south-east, 
the climate elsewhere is milder though subject to sudden 
variations.  Agriculturally the department is flourishing, 
the valleys of the Allier and the Sioule known as the Limagne 
Bourbonnaise comprising its most fertile portion.  Wheat, oats, 
barley and other cereals are grown and exported, and owing to 
the abundance of pasture and forage, sheep and cattle-rearing 
are actively carried on.  Potatoes and mangels yield good 
crops.  Wines of fair quality are grown in the valley of the 
Sioule; walnuts, chestnuts, plums, apples and pears are principal 
fruits.  Goats, from the milk of which choice cheese is 
made, and pigs are plentiful.  A large area is under forests, 
the oak, beech, fir, birch and hornbeam being the principal 
trees.  The mineral waters at Vichy (q.v.), Neris, 
Theneuille, Cusset and Bourbon l'Archambault are in much 
repute.  The mineral wealth of the department is considerable, 
including coal as well as manganese and bituminous schist; 
plaster, building stone and hydraulic lime are also 
produced.  Manufactories of porcelain, glass and earthenware 
are numerous.  Montlucon and Commentry are ironworking 
centres.  There are flour mills, breweries and saw-mills; and 
paper, chemicals, wooden shoes, wool and woollen goods are 
produced.  Besides the products of the soil Allier exports 
coal, mineral waters and cattle for the Paris market.  Building 
materials, brandy and coal are among the imports.  The railways 
belong chiefly to the Orleans and Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean 
companies.  The lateral canal of the Loire, the Berry Canal and 
the canal from Roanne to Digoin together traverse about 57 m. 
in the department.  Allier is divided into the arrondissements 
of Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montlucon (29 cantons, 321 
communes).  It forms the diocese of Moulins and part of the 
ecclesiastical province of Bourges, and falls within the 
academie (educational division) of Clermont-Ferrand and the 
region of the XIII. army-corps.  Its court of appeal is at 
Riom.  Moulins, the capital, Montlucon and Vichy, are the 
principal towns.  Souvigny possesses the church of a famous 
Cluniac priory dating from the 1ith-12th and 15th centuries, 
and containing the splendid tombs (15th century) of Louis 
II. and Charles I. of Bourbon.  At St Menoux, Ebreuil and 
Gannat there are fine Romanesque churches.  Huriel has a 
church of the 11th century and a well-preserved keep, the 
chief survival of a medieval castle.  St Pourcain-sur-Sioule 
has a large church, dating from the 11th to the 18th 
centuries.  The castle of Bourbon l'Archambault, which 
belonged to the dukes of Bourbon, dates from the 13th and 15th 
centuries.  The Romanesque churches of Veauce and Ygrande, 
and the chateaus of Veauce and Lapalisse, are also of 
interest, the latter belonging to the family of Chabannes. 

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903), English historical 
writer, was born at Midsomer Norton, near Bristol, on the 
12th of February 1813.  He was educated at Eton and at 
Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 
1833.  In 1840 Bishop Blomfield of London appointed him his 
examining chaplain and presented him to the rectory of Launton, 
Oxfordshire, which he resigned in 1850 on becoming a Roman 
Catholic.  Allies was appointed secretary to the Catholic poor 
school committee in 1853, a position which he occupied till 
1890.  He died in London on the 17th of June 1903.  Allies 
was one of the ablest of the English churchmen who joined the 
Church of Rome in the early period of the Oxford movement, his 
chief work, The Formation of Christendom (London, 8 vols., 
1865-1895) showing much originality of thought and historical 
knowledge.  His other writings: St Peter, his Name and Office 
(1852); The See of St Peter, the Rock of the Church (1850); 
Per Crucem ad Lucem (2 vols., 1879), have gone through 
many editions and been translated into several languages. 

See his autobiography, A Life's Decision (1880); and the study of 
his daughier, Mary H. Allies, Thomas Allies, the Story of a Mind 
(London, 1906), which contains a full bibliography of his works. 

ALLIFAE (mod. Alife), a town of the Samnites, 15 
m.  N.W. of Telesia, and 17 m.  E.N.E. of Teanum.  The 
site of the Samnite city, which in the 4th century B.C. 
had a coinage of its own, is not known; the Roman town 
lay in the valley of the Vulturnus, and its walls (4th 
century) enclose a circuit of 1 1/2 m., in which are preserved 
remains of large baths ( Thermae Herculis) and a theatre. 

ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, ``the lizard''), an animal 
so closely allied to the crocodile that some naturalists 
have classed them together as forming one genus.  It differs 
from the true crocodile principally in having the head 
broader and shorter, and the snout more obtuse; in having 
the fourth, enlarged tooth of the under jaw received, not 
into an external notch, but into a pit formed for it within 
the upper one; in wanting a jagged fringe which appears on 
the hind legs and feet of the crocodile; and in having the 
toes of the hind feet webbed not more than half way to the 
tips.  Alligators proper occur in the fluviatile deposits of 
the age of the Upper Chalk in Europe, where they did not die 
out until the Pliocene age; they are now restricted to two 
species, A. mississippiensis or lucius in the southern 
states of North America up to 12 ft. in length, and the small 
A. sinensis in the Yang-tse-kiang.  In Central and South 
America alligators are represented by five species of the genus 
Caiman, which differs from Alligator by the absence of a 
bony septum between the nostrils, and the ventral armour is 
composed of overlapping bony scutes, each of which is formed 
of two parts united by a suture. C. sclerops, the spectacled 
alligator, has the widest distribution, from southern Mexico 
to the northern half of Argentina, and grows to a bulky 
size.  The largest, attaining an enormous bulk and a length of 
20 ft., is the C. niger, the jacare-assu or large caiman 
of the Amazons.  The names ``alligator'' and ``crocodile'' 
are often confounded in popular speech; and the structure 
and habits of the two animals are so similar that both are 
most conveniently considered under the heading CROCODILE. 

ALLINGHAM, WILLIAM (1824-1889), Irish man of letters and 
poet, was born at Ballyshannon, Donegal, on the 19th of 
March 1824 (or 1828, according to some authorities), and was 
the son of the manager of a local bank.  He obtained a post 
in the custom-house of his native town and filled several 
similar situations in Ireland and England until 1870, when 
he had retired from the service, and became sub-editor of 
Fraser's Magazine, which he edited from 1874 to 1879.  He 
had published a volume of Poems in 1850, followed by Day 
and Night Songs, a volume containing many charming lyrics, in 
1855.  Allingham was on terms of close friendship with D. G. 
Rossetti, who contributed to the illustration of the Songs. 
His Letters to Allingham (1854-1870) were edited by Dr 
Birkbeck Hill in 1897. Lawrence Bloomfield, a narrative 
poem illustrative of Irish social questions, appeared in 
1864.  Allingham married in 1874 Helen Paterson, known under 
her married name as a water-colour painter.  He died at 
Hampstead on the 18th of November 1889.  Though working on 
an unostentatious scale, Allingham produced much excellent 
lyrical and descriptive poetry, and the best of his pieces 
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