anthropology. He first attracted attention as a novelist
with a sensational story, The Devil's Die (1888), though
this was by no means his first attempt at fiction; and The
Woman who Did (1895), which had a succes de scandale on
account of its treatment of the sexual problem, had for the
moment a number of cheap imitators. Other volumes flowed
from his pen, and his name became well known in contemporary
literature. But his reputation was essentially contemporary and
characteristic of the vogue peculiar to the journalistic type.
ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850- ), American novelist, was born near
Lexington, Rentucky, on the 21st of December 1850. He graduated
at Kentucky University, Lexington, in 1872, taught at Fort
Spring, Kentucky, at Richmond and at Lexington, Missouri, and
from 1877 to 1879 at the academy of Kentucky University, where
he was principal and taught modern languages; in 1880 he was
professor of Latin and English at Bethany College, Bethany,
West Virginia; and then became head of a private school at
Lexington, Kentucky. Subsequently he gave up teaching, went
to New York City, where he secured commissions for sketches of
the ``Blue Grass'' region, and thereafter devoted himself to
literature. His Choir Invisible, coming after other
successful stories, made his name well known in England as
well as America. His published works include: With Flute
and Violin (1891), The Blue Grass Region (1892), John
Gray (1893), A Kentucky Cardinal (1894), Aftermath
(1895), A Summer in Arcady (1896), The Choir Invisible
(1897), The Reign of Law' (1900), The Mettle of the
Pasture (1903), and The Bride of the Mistleloe (1909.)
ALLEN, JOHN (1476--1534), English divine, after studying
at both Oxford and Cambridge, was sent by Archbishop Warham
on an ecclesiastical mission to Rome. On his return he held
a number of livings in succession, and in 1516 was rector of
South Ockendon, Essex, and prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral.
In the suppression of the minor monasteries in 1524--1525
he gave Wolsey much assistance, and became prebendary of
Nottingham in 1526 and of St Paul's, London, in 1527. These
prebends he resigned in 1528 on his election as archbishop of
Dublin. For four years he was chancellor of Ireland but his
career was full of trouble. In 1531 he was fined under the
Statutes of Provisors and Praemunire, and in 1534 met a violent
death at the hands of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald's followers.
ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632), English mathematician,
was born at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire on the 21st of December
1542. He was admitted scholar of Trinity College, Oxford,
in 1561; and graduated as M.A. in 1567. In 1580 he quitted
his college and fellowship, retired to Gloucester Hall, and
became famous for his knowledge of antiquity, philosophy and
mathematics. Having received an invitation from Henry Percy,
earl of Northumberland, a great friend and patron of men of
science, he spent some time at the earl's house, where he
became acquainted with Thomas Harriot, John Dee and other famous
mathematicians. He was also intimate with Sir Robert Cotton,
William Camden, and their antiquarian associates. Robert
Dudley, earl of Leicester, had a particular esteem for Allen,
and would have conferred a bishopric upon him, but his love
of solitude made him decline the offer. His great skill in
mathematics and astrology earned him the credit of being a
magician; and the author of Leicester's Commonwealth accuses
him of employing the art of ``figuring'' to further the earl
of Leicester's unlawful designs, and of endeavouring by the
black art to bring about a match between his patron and Queen
Elizabeth. Allen was indefatigable in collecting scattered
manuscripts relating to history, antiquity, astronomy,
philosophy and mathematics. A considerable part of his
collection was presented to the Bodleian library by Sir Kenelm
Digby. He died on the 30th of September 1632 at Gloucester
Hall. He published in Latin the second and third books
of Claudius Ptolemy of Pelusium, Concerning the Judgment
of the Stars, or, as it is commonly called, of the
Quadripartite Construction, with an Exposition. He also
wrote notes on John Bale's De Scriptoribus M. Britanniae.
ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594), English cardinal, born at
Rossall, Lancashire, went in 1547 to Oriel College,
Oxford, and in 1556 became principal of St Mary Hall and
proctor. According to Anthony Wood, he was appointed to a
canonry at York in or about 1558; he therefore had already
entered the clerical state by receiving the tonsure. On
the accession of Elizabeth, he was deprived upon refusing
the oath of supremacy, but remained in Ihe university until
1561. His known opposition to the new learning in religion
giving much offence, he escaped from England and went to
Louvain, where were gathered many students who had left the
English universities for conscience' sake. Here he continued
his theological studies and began to write controversial
treatises. In 1562, on account of health, he returned
secretly to Lancashire and did much, by exhortation and
private meetings, to restrain those Catholics who attended
the new services in order to save their property from
confiscation. His presence being known to the government,
he left Lancashire and retired to the neighbourhood of
Oxford, which he frequently visited, and where he influenced
many of the students. After writing a treatise in defence
of the priestly power to remit sins, he was obliged to
leave and retired to Norfolk, leaving England soon after in
1565. He returned to Flanders, was ordained at Malines, and
began to lecture in theology at the Benedictine college in that
city. In 1567 he went to Rome for the first time, and there
began his plan for establishing a college where English
students could live together and finish their theological
course. The idea subsequently developed into the establishing
of a missionary college, or seminary, to keep up a supply
of priests for England as long as the country remained
separated from the Holy See. With the help of friends,
and notably of the Benedictine abbots of the neighbouring
monasteries, a college was established at Douai (September
29, 1568); and here Allen was joined by many of the English
exiles. This college, the first of the seminaries ordered
by the council of Trent, received the papal approval shortly
after its establishment; the king of Spain took it under his
protection and assigned it an annual grant. Allen continued
his own theological studies and, after taking his doctorate,
became regius professor at the university. Gregory XIII. in
1575 granted him a monthly pension of 100 golden crowns, and,
as the number of students had now risen to one hundred and
twenty, summoned him to Rome to undertake the establishing of
a similar college in the papal city. By Allen's advice, the
old English hospice was turned into a seminary and Jesuits
were placed there to help Dr Maurice Clennock, the rector.
The pope appointed Allen to a canonry in Courtrai and sent
him back to Douai (July 1576); but here he had to face a new
difficulty. Besides the reported plots to assassinate him
by agents of the English government, the insurgents against
Spain, urged on by Elizabeth's emissaries, expelled the
students from Douai as being partisans of the enemy (March
1578). Allen moved his establishment to Reims under the
protection of the house of Guise; and it was here that the
English translation of the Scriptures, known as the Douai
Version, was begun under his direction (see BIBLE, ENGLISH.)
In 1577 he began a correspondence with Robert Parsons (q.v.),
the Jesuit, an intimacy that was fraught with disaster. He was
summoned again to Rome in 1579 to quell the first of the many
disturbances that befell the English college under the Jesuit
influence. Brought now into personal contact with Parsons,
Allen fell completely under the dominating personality of
the redoubtable Jesuit, and gave himself up entirely to his
influence. He arranged that the Society should take over the
English college at Rome and should begin the Jesuit mission
to England (1580). This short-sighted policy was the cause
of much grave trouble in the near future. Returning to
Reims he began to take a part in all the political intrigues
which Parsons' fertile brain had hatched for the promotion
of the Spanish interest in England. Allen's political
career dates from this period. Parsons had already intended
to remove Allen from the seminary at Reims, and for this
purpose, as far back as the 6th of April 1581, had recommended
him to Philip II. to be promoted to the cardinalate. In
furtherance of the intrigues, Allen and Parsons went to Rome
again in 1585 and there Allen was kept for the rest of his
life. In 1587, during the time that he was being skilfully
played with by Philip's agents, he wrote, helped by Parsons,
a shameless defence of a shameful deed. Sir William Stanley,
an English olficer, had surrendered Deventer to the Spaniards;
and Allen wrote a book in defence of Stanley, saying that
all Englishmen were bound, under pain of damnation, to
follow the traitorous example, as Elizabeth was no lawful
queen. He shared in all the projects for the invasion of
England, and was to have been archbishop of Canterbury and
lord chancellor had they succeeded. Representing in reality
only his own party, Allen had on the continent the position
of the head of the Roman Catholics of England; and as such,
just after the death of Mary, queen of Scots, he wrote to
Philip II. (March 19, 1587) to exhort him to undertake the
enterprise against England, and declared that the Catholics
there were clamouring for the king to come and punish ``this
woman, hated by God and man.'' After much negotiation, he
was made cardinal by Sixtus V. on the 7th of August 1587,
nominally to supply the loss of the queen of Scotland, but in
reality to ensure the success of the Armada. On his promotion
Allen wrote to Reims that he owed the hat, under God, to
Parsons. One of his first acts was to issue, under his own
name, two violent works for the purpose of inciting the Catholics
of England to rise against Elizabeth: ``The Declaration of
the Sentence of Sixtus V.'' a broadside, and a book, All
Admonition to the nobility and people of England (Antwerp,
1588). On the failure of the Armada, Philip, to get rid of
the burthen of supporting Allen as a cardinal, nominated him to
the archbishopric of Malines, but the canonical appointment was
never made. Gregory XIV. made him librarian at the Vatican;
and he served on the commission for the revision of the
Vulgate. He took part in four conclaves, but never had any
real influence after the failure of the Armada. Before his
death, which took place in Rome on the 16th of October 1594,
he found reasons to change his mind concerning the wisdom
of the Jesuit politics in Rome and England, and would have
tried to curb their activities, had he been spared. The rift
became so great that ten years after his death, Agazzari could
write to Parsons: ``So long as Allen walked in this matter
(the scheme for England) in union with and fidelity to the
Company, as he used to do, God preserved him, prospered and
exalted him; but when he began to leave this path, in a manner,
the threads of his plans and life were cut short together.''
As a cardinal Allen had lived in poverty and he died in debt.
While we cannot withhold a tribute of respect from Allen for
his zeal and earnestness, and recognize that his foundation
at Douai survives to-day in the two Catholic colleges at
