importance from being the centre of the flourishing butter
and cheese trade of this region of Holland. It is also a
considerable market for horses, cattle and grain, and there is
a little boat-building and salt and sail-cloth manufacture.
Tramways connect Alkmaar with Egmond and with the pretty summer
resort of Bergen, which lies sheltered by woods and dunes.
The name of Alkmaar, which means ``all sea,'' first occurs
in the 10th century, and recalls its former situation in the
midst of marshlands and lakes. It was probably originally a
fishing-village, but with the reclamation of the surrounding
morasses, e.g. that of the Schermer in 1685, and their
conversion into rich meadow land, Alkmaar gradually acquired
an imporiant trade. In 1254 it received a charter from
William II., count of Holland, similar to that of Haarlem,
but in the 15in century duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
made the impoverishment of the town, due to ill-government,
the excuse for establishing an oligarchical regime, by
charters of 1436 and 1437. As the capital of the ancient
district of Kennemerland between den Helder and Haarlem,
Alkmaar frequently suffered in the early wars between the
Hollanders and the Frisians, and in i517 )xas captured by the
united Gelderlaiiders and Frisians. In 1573 it successfully
sustained a seven-weeks' siege by 16,000 Spaniards under the
duke of Alva. In 1799 Alkmaar gave its name to a conxention
signed by the duke of York and the French general Brune, in
accordance with which the Russo-British army of 23,000 men,
which was defeated at Bergen, evacuated Holland. A monument
was erected in 1901 to commemorate the Russians who fell.
ALLACCI, LEONE [LEO ALLATIUS] (1586-1669), Greek scholar
and theologian, was born in the island or Chios. His early
years were passed in Calabria and at Rome, where he finally
settled as teacher of Greek at the Greek college, at the
same time devoting himself to the study of classics and
theology. In 1622, after the capture of Heidelberg by Tilly,
the elector Maximilian of Bavaria presented its splendid
library composed of 196 cases of MSS. (bibliotheca Palatina)
to Pope Gregory XV. Allacci was sent to superintend its
removal to Rome, where it was incorporated with the Vatican
library. On the death of Gregory, Allacci became librarian to
Cardinal Berberini, and subsequently (1661) librarian of the
Vatican, which post he held till his death on the 18th (or
19th) of January 1669. It is noteworthy that, although a Greek
by birth, he became an ardent Roman Catholic and the bitter
enemy of all heretics, including his own countrymen. Allacci
was a very industrious and voluminous writer, but his works,
although they bear ample testimony to his immense learning,
show an absence of the true critical faculty, and are full of
intolerance, especially on religious subjects. For a list
of these, J. A. Fabricius's Bibliotheca Graeca (xi. 437)
should be consulted, where they are divided into four classes:
editions, translations and commentaries on ancient authors; works
relating to the dogmas and institutions of the Greek and Roman
Churches; historical works; miscellaneous works. The number
of his unpublished writings is also very large; the majority
of them are included in the MSS. of the Vallicellian library.
The main source of our knowledge of Allatius is the incomplete
life by Stephanus Gradi, Leonis Allatii vita, published by
Cardinal Mai, in Nova Bibliotheca Patrum. A complete enumeration
of his works is contained in E. Legrand, Bibliographie
hellenique du XVIIeme siecle (Paris, 1895, iii.
435-471). The accounts of C. N. Sathas in Neoellenvike
filologia (Athens, 1868), and of the pseudo-prince Demetrius
Rhodokanakis, Leonis Allatii Hellas (Athens, 1872, are
inaccurate and untrustworthy. For a special account of his
share in the foundation of the Vatican Library, see Curzio
Mazzi, Leone Allacci e la Palatina di Heidelberg (Bologna,
1893). The theological aspect of his works is best
treated by the Assumptionist Father L. Petit in A. Vacant's
Dictionnaire de theologie (Paris, 1900, cols. 830-833).
ALLAH, the Arabic name used by Moslems of all nationalities
for the one true God. It is compounded of al, the definite
article, and ilah, meaning a god. The same word is
found in Hebrew and Aramaic as well as in ancient Arabic
(Sabaean). The meaning of the root from which it is derived
is very doubtful; cf. Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon, p.
82, and the Oxford Hebrew and English Lexicon, pp. 61 ff.
ALLAHABAD, a city of British India, the capital of the United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh, giving its name to a district and a
division. The city is situated at the confluence of the
Ganges and the Jumna in 25 deg. 26' N. lat. and 81 deg. 50' E.
long., 564 m. from Calcutta by rail. Its most conspicuous
feature is the fort, which rises directly from the banks of the
confluent rivers and completely commands the navigation of both
streams. Within the fort are the remains of a splendid palace,
erected by the Emperor Akbar, and once a favourite residence of
his. A great portion of it has been destroyed, and its hall
is converted into an arsenal. Outside the fort the places
of most importance are the sarai and gardens of Khasru, the
son of the Emperor Jehangir, and the Jama Masjid or Great
Mosque. When the town first came into the hands of the
English this mosque was used as a residence by the military
officer commanding the station, and afterwards as an assembly
room. Ultimately it was returned to its former owners, but
the Mahommedans considered it desecrated, and it has never
since been used as a place of worship. Allahabad (Illahabad)
was the name given to the city when Akbar built the great
fort. To the Hindus it is still known by its ancient name
of Prag or Prayag (``place of sacrifice''), and it remains
one of the most noted resorts of Hindu pilgrimage. It owes
its sanctity to its being the reputed confluence of three
sacred streams--the Ganges, the Jumna and the Saraswati. This
last stream, however, actually loses itself in the sands of
Sirhind, 400 m. north-west of Allahabad. The Hindus assert
that the stream joins the other two rivers underground, and
in a subterraneous temple below the fort a little moisture
trickling from the rocky walls is pointed out as the waters
of the Saraswati. An annual fair is held at Allahabad at
the confluence of the streams on the occasion of the great
bathing festival at the full moon of the Hindu month of
Magh. It is known as the Magh-mela, lasts for a whole
month, and is attended by as many as 250,000 persons in
ordinary years, either for religious or commercial purposes.
Every twelfth year there is a special occasion called the
Kumbh-mela, which is attended by a million of devotees at one
time. Allahabad was taken by the British in 1765 from the
wazir of Oudh, and assigned as a residence to Shah Alam,
the titular emperor of Delhi. Upon that prince throwing
himself into the hands of the Mahrattas, the place was
resumed by the British in 1771 and again transferred to
the nawab of Oudh, by whom it was finally ceded together
with the district to the British in 1801, in commutation of
the subsidy which the wazir had agreed to pay for British
protection. During the Mutiny of 1857, Allahabad became
the scene of one of the most serious outbreaks and massacres
which occurred in the North-Western Provinces. The fort was
held by a little garrison of Europeans and loyal Sikhs, until
it was relieved by General Neill on June 11th of that year.
The modern buildings of Allahabad include Government House, the
High Court, the Mayo memorial and town hall, the Muir central
college, the Thornhill and Mayne memorial library and museum,
the Naini central jail, and the Anglican and Roman Catholic
cathedrals. The Jumna is crossed by a railway bridge and
there are two bridges of boats over the Ganges. The military
cantonments contain accommodation for all three arms and
are the headquarters of a brigade in the 8th division of
the eastern army corps. At Allahabad is published the
Pioneer, perhaps the best known English paper in India.
There is an American mission college. Here is the junction
of the great railway system which unites Bengal with Central
India and Bombay, and is developing into a great centre of
1nland and export trade. The population in 1901 was 172,032.
The DISTRICT OF ALLAHABAD has an area of 2811 sq. m. In
shape it is an irregular oblong, and it is very difficult to
define its boundaries, as at one extremity it wanders into
Oudh, while on the south the villages of the state of Rewa
and those of this district are hopelessly intermingled. The
Jumna and the Ganges enclose within their angle a fertile
tract well irrigated with tanks and wells. The East Indian
railway and the Grand Trunk road afford the principal means
of land communication. In 1901 the population was 1,489,358,
showing a decrease of 4% in the decade due to famine.
The division of Allahabad has an area of 17,270 sq. m. The
population in 1901 was 5,540,702, showing a decrease of 4% in the
decade due to the famine of 1896-1897, which was severely felt
throughout the division. It comprises the seven districts of
Cawnpore, Fatehpur, Banda, Hamirpur, Allahabad, Jhansi and Jalaun.
ALLAMANDA, named after J. N. S. Allamand (1713-1787), of
Leiden, a genus of shrubby, evergreen climbers, belonging
to the natural order Apocynaceae, and a native of tropical
America. Several species are grown in hot-houses for the
beauty of their folliage and flowers; the latter, borne in
many-flowered panicles, have a funnel-shaped corolla with
a narrow tube, and often yellow in colour. The plants
are of comparatively easy culture, and very effective
when trained to wires beneath the roof of the house.
ALLAN, DAVID (1744-1796), Scottish historical painter,
was born at Alloa. On leaving Foulis's academy of painting
at Glasgow (1762), after seven years' successful study, he
obtained the patronage of Lord Cathcart and of Erskine of Mar,
on whose estate he had been born. The latter furnished him
with the means of proceeding to Rome (1764), where he remained
for a number of years engaged principally in copying the old
masters. Among the original works which he then painted
was the ``Origin of Portraiture''--representing a Corinthian
maid drawing her lover's shadow--well known through Domenico
Cunego's excellent engraving. This gained for him the gold
medal given by the Academy of St Luke in the year 1773 for
the best specimen of historical composition. Returning
from Rome in 1777, he resided for a time in London, and
occupied himself in portrait-painting. In 1780 he removed
to Edinburgh, where, on the death of Alexander Runciman in
1786, he was appointed director and master of the Academy of
Arts. There he painted and etched in aquatint a variety of
works, those by which he is best known--as the ``Scotch
Wedding,'' the ``Highland Dance,'' the ``Repentance Stool,''
and his ``Illustrations of the Gentle Shepherd''--being
remarkable for their comic humour. He was called the ``Scottish
Hogarth''; but his drolleries hardly entitle him to this
comparison. Allan died at Edinburgh on the 6th of August 1796.
ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810-1882), Canadian financier, was
born on the 29th of September 1810, at Saltcoats, Ayrshire,
Scotland, the son of Captain Alexander Allan, a shipmaster.
He emigrated to Canada in 1826, and in 1831 entered the
employ of the chief shipbuilding and grain-shipping firm of
Montreal, of which he became a junior partner in 1835. In
