preface by Dr John Fell (2 vols., 1684); Sufferings of the
Clergy, by John Walker; Architectural History of Eton and
Cambridge, by R. Willis, i. 420; Hist. of Eton College,
by Sir H. C. Maxwell-Lyte; Hist. of Eton College, by Lionel
Cust (1899); Egerton MSS., Brit. Mus. 2807 f. 197 b. For
Allestree's authorship of the Whole Duty of Man, see Rev. F.
Barham, Journal of Sacred Literature, July 1864, and C. E.
Doble's articles in the Academy, November 1884. (P. C. Y.)
1 Egerton MSS., Brit. Mus. 2807 f. 197 b; Li/e of Dr John
Barwick, ed. by G. F. Barwick (1903), pp. 107, 129, 134.
ALLEY (from the Fr: allee, a walk), a narrow passageway
between two buildings available only for foot passengers or
hand-carts, sometimes entered only at one end and known as a
``blind alley,'' or cul-de-sac. The name is also given to
the long narrow enclosures where bowls or skittles are played.
ALLEYN, EDWARD (1566-1626), English actor and founder of
Dulwich College, was born in London on the 1st of September
1566, the son of an innkeeper. It is not known at what date
he began to act, but he certainly gained distinction in his
calling while a young man, for in 1586 his name was on the
list of the earl of Worcester's players, and he was eventually
rated by common consent as the foremost actor of his time.
Ben Jonson, a critic little prone to exalt the merits of men
of mark among his contemporaries, bestowed unstinted praise
on Alleyn's acting (Epigrams, No. 89). Nash expresses in
prose, in Pierce Penniless, his admiration of him, while
Heywood calls him ``inimitable,'' ``the best of actors,''
``Proteus for shapes and Roscius for a tongue.'' Alleyn
inherited house property in Bishopsgate from his father.
His marriage on the 22nd of October 1592 with Joan Woodward,
stepdaughter of Philip Henslowe, brought him eventually more
wealth. He became part owner in Henslowe's ventures, and
in the end sole proprietor of several play-houses and other
profitable pleasure resorts. Among these were the Rose Theatre
at Bankside, the Paris Garden and the Fortune Theatre in St
Luke's--the latter occupied by the earl of Nottingham's company,
of which Alleyn was the head. He filled, too, in conjunction
with Henslowe, the post of ``master of the king's games of
bears, bulls and dogs.'' On some occasions he directed the
sport in person, and Stow in his Chronicles gives an account
of how Alleyn baited a lion before James I. at the Tower.
Alleyn's connexion with Dulwich began in 1605, when he bought
the manor of Dulwich from Sir Francis Cation. The landed
property, of which the entire estate had not passed into Alleyn's
hands earlier than 1614, stretched from the crest of that
range of Surrey hills on whose summit now stands the Crystal
Palace, to the crest of the parallel ridge, three miles nearer
London, known in its several portions as Herne Hill, Denmark
Hill and Champion Hill. Alleyn acquired this large property for
little more than L. 10,000. He had barely got full possession,
however, before the question how to dispose of it began to occupy
him. He was still childless, after twenty years of wedded
life. Then it was that the prosperous player--the man ``so
acting to the life that he made any part to become him'' (Fuller,
Worthies)--began the task of building and endowing in his
own lifetime the College of God's Gift at Dulwich. All was
completed in 1617 except the charter or deed of incorporation
for setting his lands in mortmain. Tedious delays occurred
in the Star Chamber, where Lord Chancellor Bacon was scheming
to bring the pressure of kingly authority to bear on Alleyn
with the aim of securing a large portion of the proposed
endowment for the maintenance of lectureships at Oxford and
Cambridge. Alleyn finally carried his point and the College
of God's Gift at Dulwich was founded, and endowed under letters
patent of James I., dated the 21st of June 1619. The building
had been already begun in 1613 (see DULWICH.) Alleyn was
never a member of his own foundation, but he continued to
the close of his life to guide and control its affairs under
powers reserved to himself in the letters patent. His diary
shows that he mixed much and intimately in the life of the
college. Many of the jottings in that curious record of daily
doings and incidents favour the inference that he was a genial,
kind, amiable and religious man. His fondness for his old
profession is indicated by the fact that he engaged the boys
in occasional theatrical performances. At a festive gathering
on the 6th of January 1622 ``the boyes play'd a playe.''
Alleyn's first wife died in 1623. The same year he married
Constance, daughter of John Donne, the poet and dean of St
Paul's. Alleyn died in November 1626 and was buried in the
chapel of the college which he had founded. His gravestone
fixes the day of his death as the 21st, but there are
grounds for the belief that it was the 25th. A portrait of
the actor is preserved at Dulwich. Alleyn was a member of
the corporation of wardens of St Saviour's, Southwark, in
1610, and there is a memorial window to him in the cathedral.
ALL FOURS, a card game (known also in America as Seven
Up, Old Sledge or High-Low-Jack) usually played by two
players, though four may play. A full pack is used and
each player receives seven counters. Four points can be
scored, one each for high, the highest trump out, for
low, the lowest trump dealt, for Jack, the knave of
trumps, and for game, the majority of pips in the cards
of the tricks that a player has won. Ace counts 4, King 3,
Queen 2, Knave 1, and ten 10 points. Low is scored by the
person to whom it is dealt; High of course wins a trick;
Jack is scored by the player who finally has it among his
tricks. If Jack is turned up the dealer scores the point.
A player who plays a high or low trump is entitled to ask if
they are High or Low. The game is 10 or 11 points. Six
cards are dealt to each, the thirteenth being turned up for
trumps. The non-dealer may propose or beg if he does not
like his hand. If the dealer refuses the elder hand scores
a point; if he consents he gives and takes three more cards,
the seventh being turned up for trumps, which must be of a
different suit from the original trump card; otherwise six
more cards are dealt out, and so on till a fresh trump suit
appears. The non-dealer then leads; the other must trump or
follow suit, or forfeit a point. Jack may be played to any
trick. Each pair of cards is a trick, and is collected by the
winner. A fresh deal may be claimed if the dealer exposes
one of his adversary's cards, or if he gives himself or his
adversary too few or too many. In that case the error must be
discovered before a card is played (see also AUCTION PITCH.)
ALLIA (mod. Fosso Bettinia), a small tributary of the
river Tiber, joining it on the left (east) bank, about 11
m. N. of Rome. It gave its name to the terrible defeat which
the Romans suffered at the hands of the Gauls on the 18th of
July 390 B.C. Livy (v. 37) and Diodorus (v. 114) differ with
regard to the site of the battle, the former putting it on the
left, the latter on the right bank of the Tiber. Mommsen and
others support Diodorus, but the question still remains open.
See T. Ashby in Papers of the British School at Rome, iii. 24.
ALLIANCE, a city of Stark county, Ohio, U. S. A., on the
Mahoning river, about 57 m. S.E. of Cleveland, about 1080
ft. above the sea, and about 505 ft. above the level of Lake
Erie. Pop. (1890) 7607; (1900) 8974, of whom 1029 were
foreign-born: (1906, estimate) 9796. It is served by the
Pennsylvania and the Lake Erie, Alliance & Wheeling railways,
and by an electric line connecting with Canton and Salem. The
city is the seat of Mount Union College (Methodist Episcopal),
opened in 1846 as a preparatory school and having in 1907
a library of about 10,000 volumes, a collegiate department
(opened in 1858), a normal department (1858), a school of
music (1855), a commercial school (1868), a faculty of 29
teachers, and an enrolment of 524 students, of whom 274 were
women. Among the manufactures of Alliance are structural
iron, steel castings, pressed sheet steel, gun carriages,
boilers, travelling cranes, pipe organs, street-car indicators,
sashes and doors, and account registers and other material
for file and cabinet-bookkeeping. The municipality owns
and operates its water-works. Alliance was first settled in
1838, when it was laid out as a town and was named Freedom;
it was named Alliance in 1851, was incorporated as a village
in 1854, and became a city of the second class in 1888.
ALLIANCE, in international law, a league between independent
states, defined by treaty, for the purpose of combined action,
defensive or offensive, or both. Alliances have usually
been directed to specific objects carefully defined in the
treaties. Thus the Triple Alliance of 1688 between Great
Britain, Sweden and the Netherlands, and the Grand Alliance
of 1689 between the emperor, Holland, England, Spain and
Saxony, were both directed against the power of Louis XIV.
The Quadruple or Grand Alliance of 1814, defined in the
treaty of Chaumont, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia and
Prussia, had for its object the overthrow of Napoleon and his
dynasty, and the confining of France within her traditional
boundaries. The Triple Alliance of 1882 between Germany,
Austria and Italy was ostensibly directed to the preservation
of European peace against any possible aggressive action
of France or Russia; and this led in turn, some ten years
later, to the Dual Alliance between Russia and France, for
mutual support in case of any hostile action of the other
powers. Occasionally, however, attempts have been made to
give alliances a more general character. Thus the ``Holy
Alliance'' (q.v.) of the 26th of September 1815 was an
attempt, inspired by the religious idealism of the emperor
Alexander I. of Russia, to find in the ``sacred precepts of the
Gospel'' a common basis for a general league of the European
governments, its object being, primarily, the preservation of
peace. So, too, by Article VI. of the Quadruple Treaty signed
at Paris on the 20th of November 1815--which renewed that of
Chaumont and was again renewed, in 1818, at Aix-la-Chapelle--the
scope of the Grand Alliance was extended to objects of common
interest not specifically defined in the treaties. The article
runs:--``In order to consolidate the intimate tie which unites
the four sovereigns for the happiness of the world, the High
Contracting Powers have agreed to renew at fixed intervals,
either under their own auspices or by their respective
ministers, meetings consecrated to great common objects and to
the examination of such measures as at each one of these epochs
shall be judged most salutary for the peace and prosperity of
the nations and the maintenance of the tranquillity of Europe.''
It was this article of the treaty of the 20th of November
1815, rather than the ``Holy Alliance,'' that formed the basis
of the serious effort made by the great powers, between 1815
and 1822, to govern Europe in concert, which will be found
outlined in the article on the history of Europe. In general
it proved that an alliance, to be effective, must be clearly
defined as to its objects, and that in the long run the treaty
in which these objects are defined must---to quote Bismarck's
somewhat cynical dictum --``be reinforced by the interests''
of the parties concerned. Yet the ``moral alliance'' of
Europe, as Count Nesselrode called it, though it failed to
