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Project Gutenberg's Encyclopedia, vol. 1 ( A - Andropha

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railway via the Forth Bridge, and 28 m. from Leith by 
steamer.  Pop. (1891) 12,643; (1901) 14,458.  The Caledonian 
railway enters the town from the south-west by a bridge 
across the river, and also owns a ferry to South Alloa, on the 
opposite shore, in Stirlingshire.  Between Alloa and Stirling 
the stream forms the famous ``links,'' the course being so 
sinuous that whereas by road the two towns are but 6 1/2 m. 
apart, the distance between them by river is nearly 12 m. 

For its size and population the town enjoys unusual prosperity, 
in consequence of its several flourishing industries.  Its 
manufactures of yarn are on the largest scale, the spinning 
mills often working night and day for many months together.  
There are also numerous breweries, and Alloa ale has always 
been famous.  The great distillery at Carsebridge yields an 
immense supply of yeast as well as whisky.  Other thriving 
trades include the glass-works on the shore, pottery-works in 
the ``auld toon,'' dye-works and a factory for the making of 
electrical appliances.  There is a good deal of shipbuilding, 
some ironfounding and a brass foundry.  The chief article of 
export is coal from the neighbouring collieries, the other 
leading exports being ale, whisky, glass and manufactured 
goods.  The imports comprise timber, grain, iron, linseed and 
flax.  The docks, accessible only at high water, include a 
wet basin and a dry dock.  Amongst the principal buildings 
are the fine Gothic parish church, with a spire 200 ft. high; 
the town hall, including the free public library, from designs 
by Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., the gift of Mr J. Thomson Paton; 
the county and municipal buildings; handsome public baths and 
gymnasium, presented to the town by Mr David Thomson; the 
accident hospital; the fever hospital; the museum of the 
Natural Science and Archaeological Society; the academy, 
the burgh school and a secondary school with the finest 
technical equipment in Scotland, given by Mr A. Forrester 
Paton.  There is a public park, besides bowling-greens and 
cricket and football fields.  The old burying-ground was the 
kirkyard of the former parish church, the tower of which still 
exists, but a modern cemetery has been formed in Sunnyside.  
The town owns the water-supply, gas-works and electric-lighting. 

Alloa Park, the seat of the earl of Mar and Kellie, is in the 
immediate vicinity, and in its grounds stand the ruins of Alloa 
Tower, an ancient structure 89 ft. high, with walls 11 ft. 
thick, which was built about 1315, and was once the residence 
of the powerful family of Erskine, descendants of the earl of 
Mar. The earl who promoted the Jacobite rising in 1715 was born 
here.  Many of the Scots princes received their education 
as wards of the Lords Erskine and the earls of Mar, the last 
to be thus educated being Henry, the eldest son of James VI. 

ALLOBROGES (in Gr. usually 'Allobriges), a Celtic tribe 
in the north of Gallia Narbonensis, inhabiting the low ground 
called the ``island'' between the Rhodanus, the Isara and 
the Graian Alps, corresponding to the modern Dauphine and 
Savoy.  If the name is rightly interpreted as meaning 
``aliens,'' they would seem to have driven out the original 
inhabitants.  Their chief towns were Vienna (Vienne), 
Genava (Geneva) and Cularo (afterwards Gratianopolis, whence 
Grenoble).  The Allobroges first occur in history as taking 
part with Hannibal in the invasion of Italy.  After the 
subjugation of the Salluvii (Salyes) by the Romans in 123 
B.C., having given shelter to their king Tutomotulus and 
refused to surrender him, the Allobroges were attacked and 
finally defeated (August 8, 121) at the junction of the Rhodanus 
and Isara by Q. Fabius Maximus (afterwards Allobrogicus).  But 
they still remained hostile to Rome, as is shown by the conduct 
of their ambassadors in the Catilinarian conspiracy (63; see 
CATILINE); two years later a revolt under Catugnatus was 
put down by Gaius Pomptinus at Solonium.  Under Augustus they 
were included in Gallia Narbonensis; later, in the Viennensis. 

See A. Desjardins, Geographie historique de la Gaule romaine, 
ii. (1876-1893); . E. Herzog, Galliae Narbonensis Historia 
(Leipzig, 1864); Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. trans.). bk. 
iii. ch. 4, iv. ch. 5; T. R. Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of 
Gaul (1899): G. Long in Smith's Dict. of Greek anid Roman 
Geography: M. Ihm in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie, 
i. 2 (1894); A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz; 
and bibliography in La grande encyclopedie (s.v.). 

ALLOCATUR (from med.  Lat. allocatur, it is allowed), 
in law, a certificate given by a taxing master, at the 
termination of an action, for the allowance of costs. 

ALLOCUTION (Lat. allocutio, an address), a name given to the 
formal addresses made by the pope to the College of Cardinals 
and through them to the church generally.  They are usually 
called forth by ecclesiastical or political circumstances, 
and aim at safeguarding papal principles and claims.  They are 
published by being affixed to the door of St Peter's Church. 

ALLODIUM, or ALODIUM, a legal term for lands which are 
the absolute property of their owner, and not subject to 
any service or acknowledgment to a superior.  It is thus 
the opposite of fe-odum or fief.  The proper derivation 
of the word has been much discussed and is still doubtful, 
though it is probably compounded of all, whole or entire, 
and odh, property.  Allodial tenure seems to have been 
common throughout northern Europe.  It exists in Orkney and 
Shetland, but is unknown in England, the feudal system 
having been made universal by William the Conqueror. 

ALLOMEROUS (Gr. allos, other meros, part), the quality 
of bodies (e.g. mineral) by virtue of which they can change 
their elements and proportions while preserving their form. 

ALLON, HENRY (1818-1892), English Nonconformist divine, 
was born on the 13th of October 1818 at Welton near Hull in 
Yorkshire.  Under Methodist influence he decided to enter the 
ministry, but, developing Congregational ideas, was trained 
at Cheshunt College.  In 1844 he became co-pastor with the 
Rev. Thomas Lewis of Union Chapel, Islington.  In 1852, 
on the death of Lewis, Allon became sole pastor, and this 
position he held with increasing influence till his death in 
1892.  Union Chapel, originally founded by evangelical 
members of the Church of England and Nonconformists acting 
in harmony, became during Anon's co-pastorate definitely 
Congregational in principle and fellowship, and exercised an 
ever-expanding influence.  His chief service to Nonconformity 
was in connexion with the improvement of congregational 
worship, and especially the service of praise.  In 1852 
Dr. H. J. Gauntlett became organist at Union of this class, 
Allon published the original edition of his well-known 
Congregational Psalmist. For many years his collection of 
hymns, chants and anthems was used in hundreds of churches 
throughout England.  In 1860 Allon began to write, at first 
chiefly for the Patriot, then under the editorship of T. C. 
Turbeville.  In 1864, at the age of forty-five, he was elected 
chairman of the Congregational Union, and in 1866 he undertook 
the editorship of the British Quarterly Review with H. R. 
Reynolds, the principal of Cheshunt.  In 1877 he became sole 
editor, and in that capacity came into touch with such men 
as W. E. Gladstone, Matthew Arnold, F. D. Maurice and Dean 
Stanley.  The magazine was discontinued in 1886.  In 1871 
he received the degree of D.D. from the university of Yale, 
U.S.A.  In 1874 the congregation at Islington decided to 
erect new buildings.  The church, which was built at a cost of 
L. 50,000, was specially adapted for congregational worship 
and was mentioned by an architectural journal as one of the 
hundred remarkable buildings of the century.  The church had 
in its Yarious departments about 300 teachers in charge of 
more than 3000 children, and was in its organization one of 
the earliest instances of the type known as the institutional 
church.  In 1881. on the occasion of the jubilee of the 
Congregational Union of England and Wales, Allon was again 
elected chairman.  In were A Memoir of James Sherman (1863); 
the Sermons of Thomas Binney, with a biographical and 
critical sketch (1869); The Vision of God and other sermons 
(1876); The Indwelling Christ (1892).  Allon was a man of 
sound judgment, strong will, great moral courage and personal 
kindness.  His acquaintance with literature was wide, his 
own style lucid and decisive.  In social and political 
affairs he was a convinced individualist.  Both as leader of 
Union Chapel and in denominational affairs his courage and 
discretion, his simple faith, combined with a broad-minded 
symoathy with the intellectual movements of the time, made 
his ministry a widespread influence for good. (D. MN.) 

ALLONGE (from Fr. alloinger, to draw out), a slip of 
paper affixed to a negotiable instrument, as a bill of 
exchange, for the purpose of receiving additional indorsements 
for which there may not be sufficient space on the bill 
itself.  An indorsement written on the allonge is deemed to 
be written on the bill itself.  An allonge is more usually 
met with in those countries where the Code Napoleon is in 
force, as the code requires every indorsement to express the 
consideration.  Under English law, as the simple signature of 
the indorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient 
to operate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary. 

ALLOPHANE, one of the few minerals known only in the amorphous 
state.  It is a glassy substance, usually occurring as 
thin encrustations with a mammillary surface; occasionally, 
however, it is earthy and pulverulent.  The colour varies 
considerably. from colourless to yellow, brown, blue or 
green.  Specimens of a brilliant sky-blue colour, such as 
those found formerly in Wheal Haniblyn, near Bridestowe in 
Devonshire, and in Sardinia, are specially attractive in 
appearance; the colour is here due to the presence of the 
copper mineral chrysocolla.  The hardness is 3, and the 
specific gravity 1.9. Chemically, it is a hydrous aluminium 
silicate, Al2SiO5.5H2O.  Allophane is always of secondary 
origin, resulting from the decomposition of various aluminous 
silicates, such as felspar.  It is often found copper and 
iron.  It was first observed in 1809 in marl at Grafenthal, 
near Saalfield in Thuringia; and has been found in lines 
fissures and funnel-shaped cavities.  The name allophane was 
given by F. Stromeyer in 1816, from the Gr. allos, another, 
and faino, to appear, in allusion to the fact that the 
mineral crumbles and changes in appearance when heated 
before the blowpipe.  Other names for the species are 
riemannite and elhuyarite, whilst closely allied minerals are 
carolathine, samoite and schrotterite (opal-allophane). 

ALLORI, ALESSANDRO (1535--1607), Italian painter of the 
Florentine school, was brought up and trained in art by his uncle, 
Angelo Bronzino (q.v.) whose name he sometimes assumed in his 
pictures.  Visiting Rome in his nineteenth year, he carefully 
studied the works of Michelangelo; but the influence of that 
great master can only be traced in the anatomical correctness 
of his drawing of nude figures.  He was successful as a portrait 
painter.  His son CRISTOFANO ALLORI (1577-1621), born at 
Florence, received his first lessons in painting from his father, 
but becoming dissatisfied with the hard anatomical drawing and 
cold colouring of the latter, he entered the studio of Gregorio 
Pagani (1558-1605) who was one of the leaders of that later 
Florentine school which endeavoured to unite the rich colouring 
of the Venetians with the correct drawing of Michelangelo's 
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