railway via the Forth Bridge, and 28 m. from Leith by
steamer. Pop. (1891) 12,643; (1901) 14,458. The Caledonian
railway enters the town from the south-west by a bridge
across the river, and also owns a ferry to South Alloa, on the
opposite shore, in Stirlingshire. Between Alloa and Stirling
the stream forms the famous ``links,'' the course being so
sinuous that whereas by road the two towns are but 6 1/2 m.
apart, the distance between them by river is nearly 12 m.
For its size and population the town enjoys unusual prosperity,
in consequence of its several flourishing industries. Its
manufactures of yarn are on the largest scale, the spinning
mills often working night and day for many months together.
There are also numerous breweries, and Alloa ale has always
been famous. The great distillery at Carsebridge yields an
immense supply of yeast as well as whisky. Other thriving
trades include the glass-works on the shore, pottery-works in
the ``auld toon,'' dye-works and a factory for the making of
electrical appliances. There is a good deal of shipbuilding,
some ironfounding and a brass foundry. The chief article of
export is coal from the neighbouring collieries, the other
leading exports being ale, whisky, glass and manufactured
goods. The imports comprise timber, grain, iron, linseed and
flax. The docks, accessible only at high water, include a
wet basin and a dry dock. Amongst the principal buildings
are the fine Gothic parish church, with a spire 200 ft. high;
the town hall, including the free public library, from designs
by Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., the gift of Mr J. Thomson Paton;
the county and municipal buildings; handsome public baths and
gymnasium, presented to the town by Mr David Thomson; the
accident hospital; the fever hospital; the museum of the
Natural Science and Archaeological Society; the academy,
the burgh school and a secondary school with the finest
technical equipment in Scotland, given by Mr A. Forrester
Paton. There is a public park, besides bowling-greens and
cricket and football fields. The old burying-ground was the
kirkyard of the former parish church, the tower of which still
exists, but a modern cemetery has been formed in Sunnyside.
The town owns the water-supply, gas-works and electric-lighting.
Alloa Park, the seat of the earl of Mar and Kellie, is in the
immediate vicinity, and in its grounds stand the ruins of Alloa
Tower, an ancient structure 89 ft. high, with walls 11 ft.
thick, which was built about 1315, and was once the residence
of the powerful family of Erskine, descendants of the earl of
Mar. The earl who promoted the Jacobite rising in 1715 was born
here. Many of the Scots princes received their education
as wards of the Lords Erskine and the earls of Mar, the last
to be thus educated being Henry, the eldest son of James VI.
ALLOBROGES (in Gr. usually 'Allobriges), a Celtic tribe
in the north of Gallia Narbonensis, inhabiting the low ground
called the ``island'' between the Rhodanus, the Isara and
the Graian Alps, corresponding to the modern Dauphine and
Savoy. If the name is rightly interpreted as meaning
``aliens,'' they would seem to have driven out the original
inhabitants. Their chief towns were Vienna (Vienne),
Genava (Geneva) and Cularo (afterwards Gratianopolis, whence
Grenoble). The Allobroges first occur in history as taking
part with Hannibal in the invasion of Italy. After the
subjugation of the Salluvii (Salyes) by the Romans in 123
B.C., having given shelter to their king Tutomotulus and
refused to surrender him, the Allobroges were attacked and
finally defeated (August 8, 121) at the junction of the Rhodanus
and Isara by Q. Fabius Maximus (afterwards Allobrogicus). But
they still remained hostile to Rome, as is shown by the conduct
of their ambassadors in the Catilinarian conspiracy (63; see
CATILINE); two years later a revolt under Catugnatus was
put down by Gaius Pomptinus at Solonium. Under Augustus they
were included in Gallia Narbonensis; later, in the Viennensis.
See A. Desjardins, Geographie historique de la Gaule romaine,
ii. (1876-1893); . E. Herzog, Galliae Narbonensis Historia
(Leipzig, 1864); Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. trans.). bk.
iii. ch. 4, iv. ch. 5; T. R. Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of
Gaul (1899): G. Long in Smith's Dict. of Greek anid Roman
Geography: M. Ihm in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie,
i. 2 (1894); A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz;
and bibliography in La grande encyclopedie (s.v.).
ALLOCATUR (from med. Lat. allocatur, it is allowed),
in law, a certificate given by a taxing master, at the
termination of an action, for the allowance of costs.
ALLOCUTION (Lat. allocutio, an address), a name given to the
formal addresses made by the pope to the College of Cardinals
and through them to the church generally. They are usually
called forth by ecclesiastical or political circumstances,
and aim at safeguarding papal principles and claims. They are
published by being affixed to the door of St Peter's Church.
ALLODIUM, or ALODIUM, a legal term for lands which are
the absolute property of their owner, and not subject to
any service or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus
the opposite of fe-odum or fief. The proper derivation
of the word has been much discussed and is still doubtful,
though it is probably compounded of all, whole or entire,
and odh, property. Allodial tenure seems to have been
common throughout northern Europe. It exists in Orkney and
Shetland, but is unknown in England, the feudal system
having been made universal by William the Conqueror.
ALLOMEROUS (Gr. allos, other meros, part), the quality
of bodies (e.g. mineral) by virtue of which they can change
their elements and proportions while preserving their form.
ALLON, HENRY (1818-1892), English Nonconformist divine,
was born on the 13th of October 1818 at Welton near Hull in
Yorkshire. Under Methodist influence he decided to enter the
ministry, but, developing Congregational ideas, was trained
at Cheshunt College. In 1844 he became co-pastor with the
Rev. Thomas Lewis of Union Chapel, Islington. In 1852,
on the death of Lewis, Allon became sole pastor, and this
position he held with increasing influence till his death in
1892. Union Chapel, originally founded by evangelical
members of the Church of England and Nonconformists acting
in harmony, became during Anon's co-pastorate definitely
Congregational in principle and fellowship, and exercised an
ever-expanding influence. His chief service to Nonconformity
was in connexion with the improvement of congregational
worship, and especially the service of praise. In 1852
Dr. H. J. Gauntlett became organist at Union of this class,
Allon published the original edition of his well-known
Congregational Psalmist. For many years his collection of
hymns, chants and anthems was used in hundreds of churches
throughout England. In 1860 Allon began to write, at first
chiefly for the Patriot, then under the editorship of T. C.
Turbeville. In 1864, at the age of forty-five, he was elected
chairman of the Congregational Union, and in 1866 he undertook
the editorship of the British Quarterly Review with H. R.
Reynolds, the principal of Cheshunt. In 1877 he became sole
editor, and in that capacity came into touch with such men
as W. E. Gladstone, Matthew Arnold, F. D. Maurice and Dean
Stanley. The magazine was discontinued in 1886. In 1871
he received the degree of D.D. from the university of Yale,
U.S.A. In 1874 the congregation at Islington decided to
erect new buildings. The church, which was built at a cost of
L. 50,000, was specially adapted for congregational worship
and was mentioned by an architectural journal as one of the
hundred remarkable buildings of the century. The church had
in its Yarious departments about 300 teachers in charge of
more than 3000 children, and was in its organization one of
the earliest instances of the type known as the institutional
church. In 1881. on the occasion of the jubilee of the
Congregational Union of England and Wales, Allon was again
elected chairman. In were A Memoir of James Sherman (1863);
the Sermons of Thomas Binney, with a biographical and
critical sketch (1869); The Vision of God and other sermons
(1876); The Indwelling Christ (1892). Allon was a man of
sound judgment, strong will, great moral courage and personal
kindness. His acquaintance with literature was wide, his
own style lucid and decisive. In social and political
affairs he was a convinced individualist. Both as leader of
Union Chapel and in denominational affairs his courage and
discretion, his simple faith, combined with a broad-minded
symoathy with the intellectual movements of the time, made
his ministry a widespread influence for good. (D. MN.)
ALLONGE (from Fr. alloinger, to draw out), a slip of
paper affixed to a negotiable instrument, as a bill of
exchange, for the purpose of receiving additional indorsements
for which there may not be sufficient space on the bill
itself. An indorsement written on the allonge is deemed to
be written on the bill itself. An allonge is more usually
met with in those countries where the Code Napoleon is in
force, as the code requires every indorsement to express the
consideration. Under English law, as the simple signature of
the indorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient
to operate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary.
ALLOPHANE, one of the few minerals known only in the amorphous
state. It is a glassy substance, usually occurring as
thin encrustations with a mammillary surface; occasionally,
however, it is earthy and pulverulent. The colour varies
considerably. from colourless to yellow, brown, blue or
green. Specimens of a brilliant sky-blue colour, such as
those found formerly in Wheal Haniblyn, near Bridestowe in
Devonshire, and in Sardinia, are specially attractive in
appearance; the colour is here due to the presence of the
copper mineral chrysocolla. The hardness is 3, and the
specific gravity 1.9. Chemically, it is a hydrous aluminium
silicate, Al2SiO5.5H2O. Allophane is always of secondary
origin, resulting from the decomposition of various aluminous
silicates, such as felspar. It is often found copper and
iron. It was first observed in 1809 in marl at Grafenthal,
near Saalfield in Thuringia; and has been found in lines
fissures and funnel-shaped cavities. The name allophane was
given by F. Stromeyer in 1816, from the Gr. allos, another,
and faino, to appear, in allusion to the fact that the
mineral crumbles and changes in appearance when heated
before the blowpipe. Other names for the species are
riemannite and elhuyarite, whilst closely allied minerals are
carolathine, samoite and schrotterite (opal-allophane).
ALLORI, ALESSANDRO (1535--1607), Italian painter of the
Florentine school, was brought up and trained in art by his uncle,
Angelo Bronzino (q.v.) whose name he sometimes assumed in his
pictures. Visiting Rome in his nineteenth year, he carefully
studied the works of Michelangelo; but the influence of that
great master can only be traced in the anatomical correctness
of his drawing of nude figures. He was successful as a portrait
painter. His son CRISTOFANO ALLORI (1577-1621), born at
Florence, received his first lessons in painting from his father,
but becoming dissatisfied with the hard anatomical drawing and
cold colouring of the latter, he entered the studio of Gregorio
Pagani (1558-1605) who was one of the leaders of that later
Florentine school which endeavoured to unite the rich colouring
of the Venetians with the correct drawing of Michelangelo's
