a tutor and chaplain of Corpus Christi, preferring this to a
fellowship. In 1654 he had offers of high preferment in the
state, which he declined; but in 1655 George Newton, of
the great church of St Mary Magdalene, Taunton, sought him
for assistant and Alleine accepted the invitation. Almost
coincident with his ordination as associate pastor came
his marriage with Theodosia Alleine, daughter of Richard
Alleine. Friendships among ``gentle and simple''--of the
former, with Lady Farewell, grand-daughter of the protector
Somerset--bear witness to the attraction of Alleine's private
life. His public life was a model of pastoral devotion. This
is all the more remarkable as he found time to continue his
studies, one monument of which was his Theologia Philosophica
(a lost MS.), a learned attempt to harmonize revelation and
nature, which drew forth the wonder of Baxter. Alleine was
no mere scholar or divine, but a man who associated on equal
terms with the founders of the Royal Society. These scientific
studies were, however, kept in subordination to his proper
work. The extent of his influence was, in so young a
man, unique, resting on the earnestness and force of his
nature. The year 1662 found senior and junior pastors
like-minded, and both were among the two thousand ejected
ministers. Alleine, with John Wesley (grandfather of the
celebrated John Wesley), also ejected, then travelled about,
preaching wherever opportunity was found. For this he was
cast into prison, indicted at sessions, bullied and fined. His
Letters from Prison were an earlier Cardiphonia than John
Newton's. He was released on the 26th of May 1664; and in
spite of the Conventicle, or Five Mile Act, he resumed his
preaching. He found himself again in prison, and again
and again a sufferer. His remaining years were full of
troubles and persecutions nobly borne, till at last, worn
out by them, he died on the 17th of November 1668; and the
mourners, remembering their beloved minister's words while
yet with them, ``If I should die fifty miles away, let me
be buried at Taunton,'' found a grave for him in St Mary's
chancel. No Puritan nonconformist name is so affectionately
cherished as is that of Joseph Alleine. His chief
literary work was An Alarm to the Unconverted (1672),
otherwise known as The Sure Guide to Heaven, which had
an enormous circulation. His Remains appeared in 1674.
See Life, edited by Baxter; Joseph Alleine: his
Companions and Times, by Charles Stanford (1861); Wood's
Athenae, iii. 819; Palmer's Nonc. Mem. iii. 208.
ALLEINE, RICHARD (1611-1681), English Puritan divine, was
born at Ditcheat, Somerset, where his father was rector. He
was a younger brother of William Alleine, the saintly vicar of
Blandford. Richard was educated at St Alban's Hall, Oxford,
where he was entered commoner in 1627, and whence, having
taken the degree of B.A., he transferred himself to New Inn,
continuing there until he proceeded M.A. On being ordained
he became assistant to his father, and immediately stirred
the entire county by his burning eloquence. In March 1641
he succeeded the many-sided Richard Bernard as rector of
Batcomb (Somerset). He declared himself on the side of the
Puritans by subscribing ``The testimony of the ministers
in Somersetshire to the truth of Jesus Christ,'' and ``The
Solemn League and Covenant,'' and assisted the commissioners
of the parliament in their work of ejecting unsatisfactory
ministers. Alleine continued for twenty years rector of
Batcomb and was one of the two thousand ministers ejected in
1662. The Five Mile Act drove him to Frome Selwood, and in
that neighbourhood he preached until his death on the 22nd
of December 1681. His works are all of a deeply spiritual
character. His Vindiciae Pietatis (which first appeared
in 1660) was refused licence by Archbishop Sheldon, and was
published, in common with other nonconformist books, without
it. It was rapidly bought up and ``did much to mend this
bad world.'' Roger Norton, the king's printer, caused a
large part of the first impression to be seized on the
ground of its not being licensed and to be sent to the royal
kitchen. Glancing over its pages, however, it seemed to
him a sin that a book so holy--and so saleable--should be
destroyed. He therefore bought back the sheets, says Calamy,
for an old song, bound them and sold them in his own shop.
This in turn was complained of, and he had to beg pardon on
his knees before the council-table; and the remaining copies
were sentenced to be ``bisked,'' or rubbed over with an inky
brush, and sent back to the kitchen for lighting fires. Such
``bisked'' copies occasionally occur still. The book was not
killed. It was often reissued with additions, The Godly
Man's Portion in 1663, Heaven Opened in 1666, The World
Conquered in 1668. He also published a book of sermons
Godly Fear, in 1664, and other less noticeable devotional compilations.
See Calamy, s.v.; Palmer's Nonconf: Mem. iii. 167-168;
C. Stanford's Joseph Ailleine; Researches at Batcomb
and Frome Selwood; Wood's Athenae (Bliss), iv. 13.
ALLEMANDE (Fr. for danse allemande, or German dance),
a name for two kinds of dance, one a German national dance,
in 2-4 time, the other somewhat resembling a waltz. The
movement in a suite following the prelude, and preceding
the courante (q.v.), with which it is contrasted in
rhythm, is also called an allemande, but has no connexion
with the dance. The name, however, is given to pieces
of music based on the dance movement, examples of which
are found in Beethoven's German dances for the orchestra.
ALLEN, ETHAN (1739--1789), American soldier, was born at
Litchfield, Connecticut, on the 10th of January 1739. He
removed, probably in 1769, to the ``New Hampshire Grants,''
where he took up lands, and eventually became a leader of those
who refused to recognize the jurisdiction of New York, and
contended for the organization of the ``Grants'' into a separate
province. About 1771 he was placed at the head of the ``Green
Mountain Boys,'' an irregular force organized for resistance
to the ``Yorkers.'' On the 10th of May 1775, soon after the
outbreak of the War of American Independence, in command of a
force, which he had assisted some members of the Connecticut
assembly to raise for the purpose, he captured Ticonderoga
from its British garrison, calling upon its commanding officer
--according to the unverified account of Allen himself-- to
surrender ``in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental
Congress.'' Seth Warner being elected colonel of the ``Green
Mountain Boys'' in July 1775, Allen, piqued, joined General
Philip Schuyler, and later with a small command, but without
rank, accompanied General Richard Montgomery's expedition
against Canada. On the 25th of September 1775 near Montreal
he was captured by the British, and until exchanged on the
6th of May 1778 remained a prisoner at Falmouth, England, at
Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in New York. Upon his release
he was brevetted colonel by the Continental Congress. He
then, as brigadier-general of the militia of Vermont, resumed
his opposition to New York, and from 1779 to 1783, acting
with his brother, Ira Allen, and several others, carried on
negotiations, indirectly, with Governor Frederick Haldimand of
Canada, who hoped to win the Vermonters over to the British
cause. He seems to have assured Haldimand's agent that
``I shall do everything in my power to make this state a
British province.'' In March 1781 he wrote to Congress, with
characteristic bluster, ``I am as resolutely determined to
defend the independence of Vermont as congress that of the United
States, and rather than fail will retire with the hardy Green
Mountain Boys into the desolate caverns of the mountains and
wage war with human nature at large.'' He removed to Burlington,
Vermont, in 1787, and died there on the 11th of February
1789. He was, says Tyler, ``a blustering frontier hero--an
able-minded ignoramus of rough and ready humour, of boundless
self-confidence, and of a shrewdness in thought and action
equal to almost any emergency.'' Allen wrote a Narrative of
Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity (1779), the most celebrated
book in the ``prison literature'' of the American revolution; A
Vindication of the Inhabitants of Vermont to the Government of
New York and their Right to term an Independent Slate (1779);
and Reason, the Only Oracle of Man; or A Compendious System
of Natural Religion, Alternately adorned with Confutations
of a Variety of Doctrines incompatible with it (1784).
Ethan's youngest brother, IRA ALLEN (1751--1814), born
on the 21st of April 1751 at Cornwall, Connecticut, also
removed to the New Hampshire Grants, where he became one of
the most influential political leaders. In 1775 he took part
in the capture of Ticonderoga and the invasion of Canada.
He was a member of the convention which met at Winchester,
Vermont, and in January 1777 declared the independence of the
New Hampshire Grants; served (1776-1786) as a member of the
Vermont council of safety; conducted negotiations, on behalf of
Vermont, for a truce with the British and for an exchange of
prisoners, in 1781; served for eight terms in the general
assembly, and was state treasurer from 1778 to 1786 and
surveyor-general from 1778 to 1787. In 1789, by a gift of
L. 4000, he made possible the establishment of the university of
Vermont, of which institution, chartered in 1791 and built at
Burlington in deference to his wishes, he was thus virtually the
founder. In 1795, on behalf of the state, he purchased from
the French government arms for the Vermont militia, of which
he was then the ranking major-general, but he was captured by
a British cruiser west of Ireland on his return journey, was
charged with attempting to furnish insurrectionary Irish with
arms, and after prolonged litigation in the British courts,
the case not being finally decided until 1504, returned to
Vermont in 1801. During his absence he had been dispossessed
of his large holdings of land through the operation of tax
laws, and to escape imprisonment for debt, he removed to
Philadelphia, where on the 4th of January 1814 he died.
He published a dull and biassed, but useful Natural and
Political History of Vermont (1798), reissued (1870) in vol.
i. of the Collections of the Vermont Historical Society.
There is no adequate biography of Ethan Allen, but Henry
Hall's Ethan Allen (New York, 1892) may be consulted. The
best literary estimate may be found in M. C. Tyler's Literary
History of the American Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1897).
ALLEN, GRANT [CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIE], (1848--1899),
English author, son of a clergyman of Irish descent, was born
at Kingston, Ontario, Canada, on the 24th of February 1848.
He was educated partly in America and France, and in England
at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and afterwards at Merton,
Oxford. He was for a few years a schoolmaster in Jamaica, but
then made his home in England, where he became prominent as a
writer. He died at his house on Hindhead, Haslemere, on
the 24th of October 1899. Grant Allen was a voluminous
author. He was full of interesting scientific knowledge and
had a gift for expression both in biological exposition and in
fiction. His more purely scientific books (such as Physiological
Aesthetics, 1877; The Evolutionist at Large, 1881; The
Evolution of the Idea of God, 1897) contain much original
matter, popularly expressed, and he was a cultured exponent
of the evolutionary idea in various aspects of biology and
