in the average number of wage-earners, and the iron and
steel output was much less. In 1905 Allegheny ranked first
among the cities of the United States in the manufacture of
pickles, preserves and sauces, the product ($6,216,778) being
20.9% of that for the whole country. An important industry
is the shipment of coal, especially on barges down the Ohio.
Allegheny was laid out in 1788 on a portion of a tract which
the state had previously reserved opposite Pittsburg, with a
view to bringing some valuable land into the market for the
payment of its soldiers' claims. When ordered by the state to
be laid out, it was also named as the site of the county-seat
of the newly erected county of Allegheny, but the opposition
of Pittsburg was so strong that by a supplementary act in the
following year that town was made the county-seat. In 1828
Allegheny was incorporated as a borough and in 1840 it was
chartered as a city. The city suffered severely in 1874 from
a fire started by a fire-cracker on the 4th of July and from
a flood caused by a great rain-storm on the 26th of the same
month, but these calamities were followed by years of great
prosperity and rapid growth. In 1906 the question of uniting
Allegheny with Pittsburg under one municipal government was
submitted to a joint vote of the electorate of the two cities,
in accordance with an act of the state legislature, which had
been passed in February of that year, and a large majority
voted for the union; but there was determined opposition in
Allegheny, every ward of the city voting in the negative;
the constitutionality of the act was challenged; the supreme
court of the state on the 11th of March 1907 declared the
act valid, and on the 18th of November 1907 this decision
was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.
See J. E. Parke, Recollections of Seventy Years and Historical
Gleanings of Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Boston, 1886).
ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia,
&c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with
another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr.
allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from
``liege,'' of which the derivation is given under that heading;
the connexion with Lat. ligare, to bind, is erroneous),
the duty which a subject or a citizen owes to the state or to
the sovereign of the state to which he belongs. It is often
used by English legal commentators in a larger sense, divided
by them into natural and local, the latter applying to the
deference which even a foreigner must pay to the institutions
of the country in which he happens to live; but it is in
its proper sense, in which it indicates national character
and the subjection due to that character, that the word is
important. In that sense it represents the feudal liege
homage, which could be due only to one lord, while simple
homage might be due to every lord under whom the person in
question held land. The English doctrine, which was at one
time adopted in the United States, asserted that allegiance
was indelible:-- Nemo potest exuere patriam. Accordingly,
as the law stood before 1870, every person who by birth or
naturalization satisfied the conditions described in the article
ALIEN, though he should be removed in infancy to another
country where his family resided, owed an allegiance to the
British crown which he could never resign or lose, except by
act of parliament or by the recognition of the independence
or the cession of the portion of British territory in which he
resided. By the Naturalization Act 1870, it was made possible
for British subjects to renounce their nationality and
allegiance, and the ways in which that nationality is lost are
defined. So British subjects voluntarily naturalized in
a foreign state are deemed aliens from the time of such
naturalization, unless, in the case of persons naturalized
before the passing of the act, they have declared their desire
to remain British subjects within two years from the passing
of the act. Persons who from having been born within British
territory are British subjects, but who at birth became under
the law of any foreign state subjects of such state, and also
persons who though born abroad are British subjects by reason of
parentage, may by declarations of alienage get rid of British
nationality. Emigration to an uncivilized country leaves British
nationality unaffected: indeed the right claimed by all states
to follow with their authority their subjects so emigrating is
one of the usual and recognized means of colonial expansion.
The doctrine that no man can cast off his native allegiance
without the consent of his sovereign was early abandoned in
the United States, and in 1868 congress declared that ``the
right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all
people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,'' and one of
``the fundamental principles of the republic'' (United
States Revised Statutes, sec. 1999). Every citizen of a
foreign state in America owes a double allegiance, one to it
and one to the United States. He may be guilty of treason
against one or both. If the demands of these two sovereigns
upon his duty of allegiance come into conflict, those of the
United States have the paramount authority in American law.
The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign
taken by all persons holding important public office and as a
condition of naturalization. By ancient common law it might
be required of all persons above the age of twelve, and it was
repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected. In England it
was first imposed by statute in the reign of Elizabeth (1558)
and its form has more than once been altered since. Up to
the time of the revolution the promise was, ``to be true and
faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to
bear of life and limb and terrene honour, and not to know or
hear of any ill or damage intended him without defending him
therefrom.'' This was thought to favour the doctrine of absolute
non-resistance, and accordingly the convention parliament
enacted the form that has been in use since that time--``I
do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and
bear true allegiance to His Majesty . . .'' (see OATH.)
See also the articles CITIZEN, NATURALIZATION: and
Salmond on ``Citizenship and Allegiance,'' in the Law
Quarterly Review (July 1901, January 1902). (JNO. W.)
ALLEGORY (allos, other, and agoreuein, to speak), a
figurative representation conveying a meaning other than and in
addition to the literal. It is generally treated as a figure of
rhetoric, but the medium of representation is not necessarily
language. An allegory may be addressed to the eye, and is
often embodied in painting, sculpture or some form of mimetic
art. The etymological meaning of the word is wider than that
which it bears in actual use. An allegory is distinguished
from a metaphor by being longer sustained and more fully
carried out in its details, and from an analogy by the fact
that the one appeals to the imagination and the other to the
reason. The fable or parable is a short allegory with one
definite moral. The allegory has been a favourite form in
the literature of nearly every nation. The Hebrew scriptures
present frequent instances of it, one of the most beautiful
being the comparison of the history of Israel to the growth
of a vine in the 80th psalm. In classical literature one
of the best known allegories is the story of the stomach and
its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa (Livy ii. 32);
and several occur in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Perhaps the
most elaborate and the most successful specimens of allegory
are to be found in the works of English authors. Spenser's
Faerie Queene, Swift's Tale of a Tub, Addison's Vision
of Mirza, and, above all, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, are
examples that it would be impossible to match in elaboration,
beauty and fitness, from the literature of any other nation.
ALLEGRI, GREGORIO, Italian priest and musical composer,
probably of the Correggio family, was born at Rome either
in 1560 or in 1585. He studied music under G. Maria
Nanini, the intimate friend of Palestrina. Being intended
for the church, he obtained a benefice in the cathedral of
Fermo. Here he composed a large number of motets and sacred
pieces, which, being brought under the notice of Pope Urban
VIII., obtained for him an appointment in the choir of the
Sistine Chapel at Rome. He held this from December 1629
till his death on the 18th of February 1652. His character
seems to have been singularly pure and benevolent. Among
the musical compositions of Allegri were two volumes of
concerti, published in 1618 and 1619; two volumes of motets,
published in 1620 and 1621; besides a number of works still in
manuscript. He was one of the earliest composers for
stringed instruments, and Kircher has given one specimen
of this class of his works in the Musurgia. But the most
celebrated composition of Allegri is the Miserere, still
annually performed in the Sistine Chapel at Rome. It is
written for two choirs, the one of five and the other of four
voices, and has obtained a celebrity which, if not entirely
factitious, is certainly not due to its intrinsic merits
alone. The mystery in which the composition was long
enshrouded, no single copy being allowed to reach the public,
the place and circumstances of the performance, and the added
embellishments of the singers, account to a great degree for
much of the impressive effect of which all who have heard
the music speak. This view is confirmed by the fact that,
when the music was performed at Venice by permission of the
pope, it produced so little effect that the emperor Leopold
I., at whose request the manuscript had been sent, thought
that something else had been substituted. In spite of the
precautions of the popes, the Miserere has long been public
property. In 1769 Mozart (q.v.) heard it and wrote it down,
and in 1771 a copy was procured and published in England by Dr
Burney. The entire music performed at Rome in Holy Week, Allegri's
Miserere included, has been issued at Leipzig by Breitkopf and
Hartel. Interesting accounts of the impression produced by
the performance at Rome may be found in the first volume of
Mendelssohn's letters and in Miss Taylor's Letters from Italy.
ALLEGRO (an Italian word, meaning ``cheerful,'' as in Milton's
poem), a term in music to indicate quick or lively time, coming
between andante and presto; it is frequently modified by
the addition of qualifying words. It is also used of a separate
piece of music, or of a movement in a sonata, symphony, &c.
ALLEINE, JOSEPH (1634-1668), English Nonconformist divine,
belonged to a family originally settled in Suffolk. As early
as 1430 some of them--sprung of Alan, lord of Buckenhall
--settled in the neighbourhood of Calne and Devizes, whence
descended the immediate ancestors of ``worthy Mr Tobie Alleine
of Devizes,'' father of Joseph, who, the fourth of a large
family, was born at Devizes early in 1634. 1645 is marked in
the title-page of a quaint old tractate, by an eye-witness,
as the year of his setting forth in the Christian race.
His elder brother Edward had been a clergyman, but in this
year died; and Joseph entreated his father that he might be
educated to succeed his brother in the ministry. In April
1649 he entered Lincoln College, Oxford, and on the 3rd of
November 1651 he became scholar of Corpus Christi College.
On the 6th of July 1653 he took the degree of B.D., and became
