age. He wrote a Theseis, referred to in a letter from his
intimate friend Ovid (Ex Ponto, iv. 10), epigrams which
are commended by Martial (ii. 77, v. 5) and an epic poem on
the exploits of Germanicus. He had the reputation of being
an excellent raconteur, and Quintilian (x. i. 90) awards him
qualified praise as a writer of epics. All that remains of
his works is a beautiful fragment, preserved in the Suasoriae
(i. 15) of the rhetorician Seneca, from a description of the
Voyage of Germanicus (A.D. 16) through the river Ems to the
Northern Ocean, when he was overtaken by the storm described
by Tacitus (Ann. ii. 23). The cavalry commander spoken of
by the historian is probably identical with the poet. Three
elegies were formerly attributed to Pedo by Scaliger; two
on the death of Maecenas (In Obitum Maecenatis and De
Verbis Maecenatis moribundi), and one addressed to Livia to
console her for the death of her son Drusus (Consolatio ad
Liviam de Morte Drusi or Epicedion Drusi, usually printed
with Ovid's works); but it is now generally agreed that they
are not by Pedo. The Consolatio has been put down as late
as the 15th century as the work of an Italian imitator, there
being no MSS. and no trace of the poem before the publication
of the editio princeps of Ovid in 1471. There is an
English verse translation of the elegies by Plumptre (1907).
See Bahrens, Poetae Latini Minores (1879) and Fragmenta
Poetarum Latinorum (1886); Haupt, Opuscula, i. (1875);
Haube, Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Albinovanus Pedo (1880).
ALBINUS (originally WEISS), RERNHARD SIEGFRIED
(1697-1770), German anatomist, was born on the 24th of February
1697, at Frankfort-on-Oder, where his father, Bernhard Albinus
(1653-1721), was professor of the practice of medicine. In 1702
the latter was transferred to the chair of medicine at Leiden,
and it was there that Bernhard Siegfried began his studies,
having for his teachers such men as H. Boerhaave and Nikolaus
Bidloo. Having finished his studies at Leiden, he went to
Paris, where, under the instruction of Sebastien Vaillant
(1669-1722), J. B. Winslow (1669-1760) and others, he devoted
himself especially to anatomy and botany. After a year's
absence he was, on the recommendation of Boerhaave, recalled
in 1719 to Leiden to be a lecturer on anatomy and surgery.
Two years later he succeeded his father in the professorship
of these subjects, and speedily became one of the most famous
teachers of anatomy in Europe, his class-room being resorted
to not only by students but by many practising physicians.
In 1745 Albinus was appointed professor of the practice of
medicine, being succeeded in the anatomical chair by his
brother Frederick Bernhard (1715-1778), who, as well as another
brother, Christian Bernhard (1700-1752), attained considerable
distinction. Bernhard Siegfried, who was twice rector of his
university, died on the 9th of September 1770 at Leiden.
ALBION (in Ptolemy 'Alouion; Lat. Albion, Pliny
4.16[30],102), the most ancient name of the British Islands,
though generally restricted to England. The name is perhaps
of Celtic origin, but the Romans took it as connected
with albus, white, in reference to the chalk-cliffs of
Dover, and A. Holder (Alt-Keltischer Sprachschatz, 1896)
unhesitatingly translates it Weissland, ``whiteland.''
The early writer (6th cent. B.C.) whose periplus is
translated by Avienus (end of 4th cent. A.D.) does not
use the name Britannia; he speaks of nesos 'Iernon kai
'Albionon (``island of the Ierni and the Albiones''). So
Pytheas of Massilia (4th cent. B.C.) speaks of ''Albion
and 'Ierne. From the fact that there was a tribe called
the Albiones on the north coast ot Spain in Asturia, some
scholars have placed Albion in that neighbourhood (see G. F.
Unger, Rhein. Mus. xxxviii., 1883, pp. 156-196). The name
Albion was taken by medieval writers from Pliny and Ptolemy.
ALBION, a city of Calhoun county, Michigan, U.S.A., on the
Kalamazoo river, 21 m. W. of Jackson. Pop. (1890) 3763;
(1900) 4519, of whom 622 were foreign-born; (1904) 4943; (1910)
5833. Albion is served by the Michigan Central and the
Jackson division of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern
railways, and by an inter-urban electric line. The city has
a public park and a public library. The W. part of the city
has most of the factories; the principal manufactures are
flour, agricultural implements, windmills, gasolene engines,
harness and proprietary medicines. On a commanding site in
the E. part of the city is Albion College (Methodist Episcopal;
co-educational), embracing a College of Liberal Arts, a
preparatory department, a conservatory of music, a school of
art, a school of oratory, a normal course, and a commercial
department. The college was incorporated in 1835 as Spring
Arbor Seminary, and in 1839 by an amended charter was located
at Albion, where it was first opened in 1843 under the
name of the Wesleyan Seminary of Albion; in 1849 it became
the Wesleyan Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute,
with power to grant degrees to women only; but in 1861 the
present name was adopted and the college was permitted to
grant degrees to men and women. In 1906 it had a library
of 16,500 volumes, a faculty of 19, and an enrolment of 483
(211 being women). The municipality owns and operates the
water-works, the water-supply being obtained from artesian
wells. Albion was settled in 1831, was incorporated as
a village in 1866 and was chartered as a city in 1885.
ALBION, a village and the county-seat of Orleans county, New
York, U.S.A., about 30 m. W.N.W. of Rochester. Pop. (1890)
4586; (1900) 4477, (984 being foreign-born and 43 negroes);
(1905, state census) 5174; (1910) 5016. The village is
served by the New York Central & Hudson River railway, by the
Buffalo, Lockport & Rochester electric railway, and by the Erie
Canal. In Albion are the Western House of Refuge for Women
(a state institution established in 1890), a public park, the
Swan Library, and the county buildings, including the court
house, the jail and the surrogate's office; and about 2 m.
to the S.E. is the beautiful Mount Albion Cemetery. Albion
is the centre of the Medina sandstone industry, and lies
in the midst of a good farming region, of which it is the
principal shipping point, especially for apples, cabbages and
beans. The village manufactures agricultural implements,
vinegar, evaporated fruit, and canned fruit and vegetables, and
has two large cold-storage houses. Albion was settled in 1812,
was incorporated in 1823 and became the county-seat in 1825.
ALBITE, a mineral of the felspar group, belonging to the
division of the plagioclases (q.v..) It is a sodium and
aluminium silicate, NaAlSi3O8, and crystallizes in the anorthic
system. Like all the felspars it possesses two cleavages,
one perfect and the other less so, which are here inclined at
an angle of 86 deg. 24'. On the more perfect cleavage, which is
parallel to the basal plane (P), is a system of fine striations,
parallel to the second cleavage (M), due to twinning according
to the,``albite law'' (figs. 1 and 2). The hardness is 6,
and the specific gravity 2.63. The colour is usually pure
white, hence the name (from the Lat. albus) for the species.
Albite forms an essential constituent of many acidic igneous and
FIG. 1. FIG. 2.
crystalline rocks; Twinned crystals of Albite. in granites,
diorites, andesites, &c., it occurs as a primary mineral,
whilst in crystalline schists, phyllites and crystalline
limestones it is of secondary (metamorphic) origin. The
beautifully developed crystals so abundant in crystal-lined
crevices of Alpine granites and gneisses have been deposited,
with other minerals, from solution; the crystals lining veins
in the slates of Tintagel in Cornwall have the same origin.
Several varieties of albite are distinguished, of which
the following may be here specially mentioned. Pericline
(from the Gr. periklines, ``sloping'') is the name given
to large opaque white crystals from the chlorite-schists
of the Alps; they are tabular parallel to the direction of
perfect cleavage and are twinned according to the ``pericline
law.'' Peristerite (from the Gr. peristera, a dove) is
characterized by a beautiful bluish sheen, somewhat resembling
that seen on the neck of a pigeon; it is found mainly in
Ontario. Aventurine and moonstone varieties occur, though
these special appearances are more usually displayed by the
oligoclase and orthoclase felspars respectively. (L. J. S.)
'ALBO, JOSEPH, a Spanish Jewish theologian of the 15th
century. He was author of a very popular book on the philosophy
of Judaism, entitled `Iqqarim or Fundamentals. Maimonides
in the 12th century had formulated the principles of Judaism in
thirteen articles; Albo reduced them to three: (i) The Existence
of God, (ii) Revelation and (iii) Divine Retribution. Albo
set the example of minimizing Messianism in the formulation
of Jewish beliefs. Though he fully maintained the Mosaic
authorship of the Law and the binding force of tradition, he
discriminated between the essential and the non-essential in
the practices and beliefs of Judaism. An English translation
of the `Iqqarim appeared in the Hebrew Review, vols. i.-iii.
ALBOIN (d. 572 or 573), king of the Lombards, and conqueror
of Italy, succeeded his father Audoin about 565. The
Lombards were at that time dwelling in Noricum and Pannonia
(archduchy of Austria, Styria and Hungary, west of the
Danube). In alliance with the Avars, and Asiatic people
who had invaded central Europe, Alboin defeated the Gepidae,
a powerful nation on his eastern frontier, slew their king
Cunimund, whose skull he fashioned into a drinking-cup, and
whose daughter Rosamund he carried off and made his wife.
Three years later (in 568), on the alleged invitation of Narses
(q.v.), who was irritated by the treatment he had received
from the emperor Justin II., Alboin invaded Italy, probably
marching over the pass of the Predil. He overran Venetia and
the wide district which we now call Lombardy, meeting with
but feeble resistance till he came to the city of Ticinum
(Pavia), which for three years (569-572) kept the Lombards at
bay. While this siege was in progress Alboin was also engaged
in other parts of Italy, and at its close he was probably
master of Lombardy, Piedmont and Tuscany, as well as of the
regions which afterwards went by the name of the duchies
of Spoleto and Benevento. In 572 or 573, however, he was
assassinated by his chamberlain Peredeo at the instigation
of Queen Rosamund, whom Alboin had grievously insulted by
forcing her to drink wine out of her father's skull. After
his death and the short reign of his successor Cleph the
Lombards remained for more than ten years in a state of anarchy.
The authorities for the history of Alboin are Procopius, Paulus
Diaconus and Agnellus (in his history of the church of Ravenna).
ALBONI, MARIETTA (1823-1894), Italian opera-singer, was
born at Cesena, Romagna, and was trained in music at Bologna,
where she became a pupil of Rossini. She had a magnificent
contralto voice, and in 1843 made her first appearance
at La Scala, Milan, being recognized at once as a public
favourite. In England her reputation was established by her
appearance at Covent Garden in 1847, and she had brilliant
success all over Europe in the leading operatic roles;
in 1853 she repeated these triumphs in the United States.
Indeed, with the exception of Malibran, she had no compeer
among the contraltos of the century, the old Italian school
