of singing finding in her a really great representative. She
married first Count A. Pepoh, who died in 1866, and secondly
(1877) a French officer, M. Zieger; she lived in Paris
after her first marriage, and died at Ville d'Avray in 1894.
ALBORNOZ, GIL ALVAREZ DE, Spanish cardinal, was born at
Cuenca early in the 14th Century. He was the son of Gil Alvarez
de Albornoz and of Dona Teresa de Luna, sister of Kimeno de
Luna, archbishop of Toledo. He was educated at Saragosa,
while his uncle was bishop of that see, and studied law at
Toulouse. The powerful influence of his family opened him
a public career early in life. He was made archdeacon of
Calatrava, and became a member of the king's council while
young. In 1337 he was chosen archbishop of Toledo in
succession to his uncle by the favour of the king, Alphonso
XI. At the battle of Tarifa he fought against a great invasion
from Africa in 1340, and at the taking of Algeciras in 1344
he led the armed levy of his archbishopric. In 1343 he
had been sent to Pope Clement VI. at Avignon to negotiate
a grant of a tax on the revenues of the Church for the
Crusade. His military and diplomatic ability became known
to the pope, who made him a cardinal in 1350. Albornoz left
Spain on the death of the king Alphonso XI. in that year, and
never returned. It has been said, but not on contemporary
evidence, that he fled from fear of Peter the Cruel. In 1353
Innocent VI. sent him as a legate into Italy, with a view to
the restoration of the papal authority in the states of the
Church. He was recalled in 1357, but was sent again to
Italy after a brief interval, and in 1362 had paved the way
for the return of Urban V. to Rome. As legate, Albornoz
showed himself to be an astute manager of men and effective
fighter. He began by making use of Rienzi, whose release
from prison at Avignon he secured. After the murder of
the tribune in 1354 Albornoz pursued his task of restoring
the pope's authority by intrigue and force with remarkable
success. As a mark of gratitude the pope appointed him
legate at Bologna in 1367, but he died at Viterbo the same
year. According to his own desire his remains were carried
to Toledo, where Henry of Castile caused them to be entombed
with almost royal honours. A work by Albornoz on the
constitution of the Church of Rome, first printed at Jesi in
1473, is now very rare. The college of St Clement at Bologna
was founded by Albornox for the benefit of Spanish students.
See ``De Vita et Rebus Gestis Aegidii Albornotii,'' in Sepulveda's
Opera Omnia, vol. iv. (1780); Cardenal Albornoz der zweite
Begrunder des Kirchenstaates, by Dr H. J. Wurm (1892).
ALBRECHTSBERGER, JOHANN GEORG (1736-1809), Austrian
musician, was born at Kloster-Neuburg, near Vienna, on the 3rd
of February 1736. He studied musical composition under the
court organist, Mann, and became one of the most learned and
skilful contrapuntists of his age. After being employed as
organist at Raab and Maria-Taferl, he was appointed in 1772
organist to the court of Vienna, and in 1792 Kapellmeister
of St Stephen's cathedral. His fame as a theorist attracted
to him in the Austrian capital a large number of pupils,
some of whom afterwards became eminent musicians. Among
these were Beethoven, Hummel, Moscheles and Josef Weigl
(1766-1846). Albrechtsberger died in Vienna on the 7th of March
1809. His published compositions consist of preludes, fugues
and sonatas for the piano and organ, string quartets, &c.; but
the greater proportion of his works, vocal and instrumental,
exists only in manuscript. They are in the library of the
Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. Probably the most
valuable service he rendered to music was in his theoretical
Works. In 1790 he published at Leipzig a treatise on composition,
of which a third edition appeared in 1821. A collection
of his writings on harmony, in three volumes, was published
under the care of his pupil Ignaz von Seyfried (1776-1841) in
1826. There is an English version of this published by
Novello in 1855. Beethoven knew his own needs when he put
himself under Albrechtsberger on finding that Haydn was not
thoroughly disposed for the trouble of training him; and
though Albrechtsberger could see nothing in him, and warned his
other pupils against ``that young man who would never turn out
anything in good style,'' he justified Beethoven's confidence.
ALBRET. The lordship (seigneurie) of Albret (Labrit,
Lebret), situated in the Landes, gave its name to one of
the most powerful feudal families of France in the middle
ages. Its members distinguished themselves in the local wars
of that apoch; and during the 14th century they espoused the
English cause for some time, afterwards transferring their
support to the side of France. Arnaud Amanieu, lord of
Albret, helped to take Guienne from the English. His son
Charles became constable of France, and was killed at the
battle of Agincourt in 1415. Alain the Great, lord of Albret
(d. 1522), wished to marry Anne of Brittany, and to that end
fought against Charles VIII.; but his hopes being defeated by
the betrothal of Anne to Maximilian of Austria, he surrendered
Nantes to the French in 1486. At that time the house of
Albret had attained considerable territorial importance, due
in great part to the liberal grants which it had obtained
from successive kings of France. John of Albret, son of
Alain, became king of Navarre by his marriage with Catherine of
Foix. Their son Henry, king of Navarre, was created duke
of Albret and peer of France in 1550. By his wife Margaret,
sister of the French king, Francis I., he had a daughter, Jeanne
d'Albret, queen of Navarre, who married Anthony de Bourbon,
duke of Vendome, and became the mother of Henry IV., king of
France. The dukedom of Albret, united to the crown of France
by the accession of this prince, was granted to the family of
La Tour d'Auvergne in 1651, in exchange for Sedan and Raucourt.
To a younger branch of this house belonged Jean d'Albret,
seigneur of Orval, count of Dreux and of Rethel, governor
of Champagne (d. 1524), who was employed by Francis I.
in many diplomatic negotiations, more particularly in his
intrigues to get himself elected emperor in 1519. (M. P.*)
ALBRIGHT, JACOB (1759-1808), American clergyman, was
born near Pottstown, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of May
1759. He was of ``Pennsylvania-German'' parentage, his name
being originally Albrecht, and was educated in the Lutheran
faith. At an early age he became a tile-burner. In 1790
he was converted to Methodism, and in 1796 determined to
devote himself to preaching that faith among the Pennsylvania
Germans. His efforts met with great success, and in 1800
he founded what was virtually a new and independent church
organization on the Methodist system, of which he became
the presiding elder, and eventually (1807) bishop. This
church is officially the Evangelical Association, but its
adherents have been variously known as ``New Methodists.''
``Albrights,'' and ``Albright Brethren.'' Albright died
on the 18th of May 1808, at Muhlbach, Pennsylvania.
ALBUERA, or ALBUHERA, LA, a small village of Spain,
in the province of Badajoz, 13 m. S.E. of the town of that
name. Pop. (1900) 820. Albuera is celebrated on account of the
victory gained there on the 16th of May 1811 by the British,
Portuguese and Spaniards, under Marshal Beresford, over the
French army commanded by Marshal Soult. (See PENINSULAR WAR.)
ALBUFERA DE VALENCIA, a lagoon, 7 m. S. of Valencia in
Spain, about 12 m. in length and 4 in breadth, 12 ft. being
its greatest depth. It communicates with the sea by a narrow
outlet, which can be opened or closed at pleasure. The lake
is crown property, and is of great value from the fish and
wild-fowl with which it abounds. Rice is grown in large
quantities by the inhabitants of the adjoining villages. In
1812 Marshal Suchet was created duke of Albufera by Napoleon
for his conquest of Valencia, and invested with the domain; but
the battle of Vittoria in 1813 deprived him of his possession,
though he still retained the title. Subsequently the revenues
of Albufera were conferred upon the duke of Wellington in token
of the gratitude of the Spanish nation. (See PENINSULAR WAR.)
ALBULAE AQUAE, a group of springs, 4 m. W. of Tibur, the
water of which is bluish, strongly impregnated with sulphur and
carbonate of lime, and rises at a temperature of about 75 deg. F.
Remains of a Roman thermal establishment exist near the principal
spring, the so-called Lago della Regina (which is continually
diminishing in size owing to the deposit left by the water),
and dedicatory inscriptions in honour of the waters have been
found. The baths are still frequented by the Romans, though
the modern establishment is about 1 m. S. on the high road.
See T. Ashby in Papers of the British School at Rome, iii. 117.
ALBULA PASS, now the principal route from the N. to the Upper
Engadine in the Swiss Canton of the Grisons. It was already
frequented in the 13th century, while a carriage road (highest
point, 7595 ft.) was constructed across it in 1865, but for a
long time it was not as much used as the easier and more direct
Julier Pass (7504 ft.), until the opening of the railway in
1903, which has vastly increased its practical importance.
Starting from Coire the Rhine valley is followed to Reichenau
(6 1/4 m.), and then that of the Hinter Rhine to Thusis (10 1/2
m.). The line then runs through the grand Schyn gorge (cut by
the Albula torrent) to Tiefenkastell (7 1/2 m.), where it leaves
the Julier road on the right (S.) and continues to follow the
course of the Albula past Filisur and Bergun (12 1/2 m.) to
the mouth (5879 ft.) of the great tunnel (3 3/4 m. in length;
highest point, 5987 ft.) which has been pierced below the
pass. The descent lies through the Bevers glen to Bevers (2 1/2
m.), where the Upper Engadine is reached, about 5 m. below St.
Moritz, which is 56 m. from Coire by this route. (W. A. B. C.)
ALBUM (Lat. albus, white), in ancient Rome, a board
chalked or painted white, on which decrees, edicts and other
public notices were inscribed in black. The Annales Maximi
of the Pontifex Maximus, the annual edicts of the praetor,
the lists of Roman and municipal senators (decuriones) and
jurors (album indicum) were exhibited in this manner. In
medieval and modern times album denotes a book of blank
pages in which verses, autographs, sketches, photographs
and the like are collected. It is also applied to the
official list of matriculated students in a university, and
to the roll in which a bishop inscribes the names of his
clergy. In law, the word is the equivalent of mailles
blanches, for rent paid in silver (``white'') money.
ALBUMAZAR, more properly ABU-MAASCHAR (805-885), Arab
astronomer, was born at Balkh, flourished at Bagdad,
and died at Wasid in Central Asia. His principal works
are: De Magnis Conjunctionibus (Augsburg, 1489);
Introductorium in Astronomiam (Venice, 1506); and
Flores Astrologici (Augsburg, 1488). He maintained in the
first that the world, created when the seven planets were
in conjunction in the first degree of Aries, will come to
an end at a like conjunction in the last degree of Pisces.
See Biog. Universelle (Jourdain); Lalande, Bibliographie
Astronomique; Poggendorff, Biog. literarisches
Handworterbuch; Houzeau, Bibl. Astronomique.
ALBUMIN, or ALBUMEN (Lat. albus, white), an organic
substance typical of a group of bodies (albumins or
albuminates) of very complicated chemical composition. They
