to no substantial results. In order to destroy the power of
Egypt, he is said to have entertained the idea of diverting
the course of the Nile and so rendering the whole country
barren. His last warlike undertaking was a second attack upon
Ormuz in 1515. The island yielded to him without resistance,
and it remained in the possession of the Portuguese until
1622. Albuquerque's great career had a painful and ignominious
close. He had several enemies at the Portuguese court who
lost no opportunity of stirring up the jealousy of the king
against him, and his own injudicious and arbitrary conduct
on several occasions served their end only too well. On his
return from Ormuz, at the entrance of the harbour of Goa, he
met a vessel from Europe bearing despatches announcing that
he was superseded by his personal enemy Soarez. The blow was
too much for him and he died at sea on the 16th of December
1515. Before his death he wrote a letter to the king in
dignified and affecting terms, vindicating his conduct and
claiming for his son the honours and rewards that were justly
due to himself. His body was buried at Goa in the Church
of our Lady, and it is perhaps the most convincing proof
possible of the justice of his administration that, many years
after, Mussulmans and Hindus used to go to his tomb to invoke
protection against the injustice of his successors. The
king of Portugal was convinced too late of his fidelity, and
endeavoured to atone for the ingratitude with which he had
treated him by heaping honours upon his natural son Alfonso.
The latter published a selection from his father's papers under
the title Commentarios do Grande Affonso d'Alboquerque .
See the Cartas de Albuquerque, published by the Lisbon Academy
(vol. i., 1884); also Morse Stephens' Life of Albuquerque;
an article in the Bolitim of the Lisbon Geographical
Society (January to June 1902) on ``O antigo Imperialismo
portuguez, &c.,'' has especial reference to Albuquerque.
ALBUQUERQUE, a city and the county-seat of Bernalillo
county, New Mexico, U.S.A., situated in the central part of the
state, about 325 m. S. by W. of Denver, on the E. bank of
the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 4950 ft. Pop. (1890) 3785;
(1900) 6238 (956 foreign-born and 226 negroes); (1910 census)
11,020. In 1900 Albuquerque was the largest city in New
Mexico. It is the connecting point of two main lines of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway system. A short distance
E. of the city is the university of New Mexico, under state
control, founded in 1889 and opened in 1892; in 1908 it had
a college of letters and science, a school of engineering,
a school of education, a preparatory school and a commercial
school. Albuquerque is also the seat of the Harwood Industrial
School (Methodist) for Mexican girls, of the Menaul Mission
School (Presbyterian) for Mexican boys, and of a government
Indian training school (1881) for boys and girls. The
city has a public library. The excellent climate has given
Albuquerque and the surrounding country a reputation as a
health resort. The city is an important railway centre, has
extensive railway repair shops and stock-yards, and exports
large quantities of live-stock, hides and wool. The largest
industrial establishment is the American Lumber Company's
plant, including a saw-mill, a sash, door and blind factory
and a box factory. The timber used, chiefly white pine, is
obtained from the Zuni mountains. The city has also flour and
woollen mills, breweries and ice factories. The old Spanish
town of Albuquerque (pop. in 1900 about 1200) lies about 1
m. W. of the present city; it was founded in 1706, and was
named in honour of the duke of Albuquerque, viceroy of New
Spain from 1702 to 1710. During the Civil War it was occupied,
late in February 1862, by Confederate troops under General
Henry Hopkins Sibley (1816-1886), who soon afterwards advanced
with his main body into northern New Mexico. In his retreat
back into Texas he made a stand on the 8th of April 1862 at
Albuquerque, where during the whole day there was a fight
at long range and with few casualties against a detachment
of Union soldiers commanded by Colonel Edward R. S. Canby
(1819-1873). The modern city dates its origin from the
completion of the first railway to Albuquerque in 1880.
ALBURNUM (sapwood), the outermost and youngest part of the
wood of a tree, through which the sap rises. It is distinguished
from the harder inner and older wood, the duramen or heart-wood.
ALBURY, a town in Goulburn county, New South Wales, Australia,
386 m. by rail W.S.W. of Sydney. Pop. (1901) 5821. It stands
near the border of Victoria, on the right bank of the Murray
river, here crossed by two bridges, one built of wood carrying
a road, the other of iron bearing the railway. The Murray
is navigable for small steamers from this town to its mouth,
a distance of 1800 miles. Albury is the centre of a sheep-
rearing and agricultural district; grapes, cereals and tobacco
are largely grown, and the wine produced here is held in high
repute throughout Australia. The tree under which the first
explorers encamped here in November 1824 is still standing
in an enclosed space. Albury became a municipality in 1859.
ALCAEUS (ALKAIOS), Greek lyric poet, an older contemporary
of Sappho, was a native of Mytilene in Lesbos and flourished
about 600 B.C. His life was greatly mixed up with
the political disputes and internal feuds of his native
city. He belonged to one of the noble families, and sided
with his class against the ``tyrants'' who at that time set
themselves up in Mytilene. He was in consequence obliged to
leave his native country, and spent a considerable time in
exile. He is said to have become reconciled to Pittacus, the
ruler set up by the popular party, and to have returned to
Lesbos. The date of his death is unknown. The subjects of
his poems, which were composed in the Aeolic dialect, were
of various kinds: some were hymns to the gods; others were of
a martial or political character; others breathed an ardent
love of liberty and hatred of tyrants; lastly, some were
love-songs. Alcaeus was allotted the second place among the
nine lyric poets in the Alexandrian canon. The considerable
number of fragments extant, and the well-known imitations
of Horace, who regarded Alcaeus as his great model, enable
us to form a fair idea of the character of his poems. A
new fragment has recently been discovered, together with
some fragments of Sappho (Classical Review, May 1902).
See Bergk, Poetae Lyrici Graeci (1882); also The Songs
of Alcaeus, by J. Easby-Smith (Washington, 1901); Plehn,
Lesbiacorum Liber (1826); Flach, Geschichte der griechischen
Lyrik (1883-1884); Farnell, Greek Lyric Poets (1891).
ALCAICS, in ancient poetry, a name given to several kinds
of verse, from Alcaeus, their reputed inventor. The first
kind consists of five feet, viz. a spondee or iambic, an
iambic, a long syllable and two dactyles; the second of two
dactyles and two trochees. Besides these, which are called
dactylic Alcaics, there is another, simply styled Alcaic,
consisting of an epitrite, two choriambi and a bacchius; thus--
Cur timet fla|vum Tiberim | tangere, cur | olivum?
The Alcaic ode is composed of several strophes, each
consisting of four verses, the first two of which are always
eleven-syllable alcaics of the first kind; the third verse
is an iambic dimeter hypercatalectic consisting of nine
syllables; and the fourth verse is a ten-syllable alcaic
of the second kind. The following strophe is of this
species, which Horace calls Alcaei minaces camenae--
Non possidentem multa vocaveris
Recte beatum; rectius occupat
Nomen beati, qui deorum
Muneribus sapienter uti.
There is also a decasyllabic variety of the Alcaic metre.
The Alcaic measure was one of the most splendid inventions
of Greek metrical art. In its best examples it gives
an impression of wonderful vigour and spontaneity.
Tennyson has attempted to reproduce it in English in his
O mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies,
O skilled to sing of time or eternity,
God-gifted organ-voice of England,
Milton, a name to resound for ages.
German is, however, the only modern literature in which alcaics
have been written with much success. They were introduced by
Klopstock, and used by Holderlin, by Voss in his translations
of Horace, by A. Kopisch and other modern German poets.
ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the ``Fortress'' or ``Castle''),
the name of thirteen Spanish towns, all founded or named by the
Moors. Alcala de Henares (pop. (1900) 11,206) is separately
described on account of its historical importance. Alcala
la Real (15,973), a picturesque town with a fine abbey, is
situated in mountainous country in the extreme south-west of
Jaen. Its distinctive name la Real, ``the Royal,'' was
conferred in memory of its capture by Alphonso XI. of Leon in
1340. In 1810 the French under Count Sebastiani here defeated
the Spaniards. Alcala de los Gazules (8877), on the river
Barbate, in the province of Cadiz, has a thriving trade in
cork and agricultural produce. Alcala de Guadaira (8198),
on the river Guadaira, near Seville, is popularly called
Alcala de los Panadores, or ``Alcala of the Bakers,''
because it supplies Seville with large quantities of
bread. Alcala de Chisbert (6293) is situated on the coast
of Castellon de la Plana; Alcala del Rio (3006), on the
Guadalquivir, 6 m. N. of Seville; Alcala del Jucar (2968),
on the Jucar, in Albacete; Alcala de la Selva (1490), on
the southern slopes of the Sierra del Gudar, in Teruel;
Alcala de la Vega (712), on the river Cabriel, in Cuenca;
Alcala de Gurrea (632), on the river Seton, in Huesca;
Alcala del Obispo (432), in the same province; Alcala de
Ebro (388) and Alcala de Moncayo (367), both in Saragossa.
ALCALA DE HENARES, a town of Spain, in the province of
Madrid, 17 m. E.N.E. of Madrid, on the river Henares, and
the Madrid-Saragossa railway. Pop. (1900) 11,206. Alcala
de Henares contains a military academy and various public
institutions, but its commercial importance is slight and its
main interest is historical. The town has been identified
with the Roman Complutum, which was destroyed about the year
1000, and was rebuilt by the Moors in 1083. In later times
it was renowned for its richly endowed university, founded by
Cardinal Jimenes de Cisneros in 1510, which at the height of
its prosperity numbered 12,000 students, and was second only
to that of Salamanca. Here the famous edition of the Bible
known as the Complutensian Polyglot was prepared from 1514 to
1517. The college of San Ildefonso, completed in 1583, was
the chief university building. Its modernized Gothic church,
the Colegiata, contains the 16th century marble monument of
Jimenes (d. 1517) and a fine reredos. The greatest of Spanish
writers, Cervantes, was born at Alcala de Henares, and baptized
in the otherwise insignificant church of S. Maria on the 9th
of October 1547. A tablet, set up in 1840, marks the house
in which he is said to have been born. Other illustrious
natives of the town were the emperor Ferdinand I. (1503-1564)
and the Spanish dramatist and historian Antonio de Solis
(1610-1686). After the removal of the university to Madrid
in 1836 the town rapidly declined, and the government turned
most of the principal buildings erected by Cardinal Jimenes
in the 16th century into a depot for the archives of various
state departments. Here are kept very complete and curious
documents of the Inquisition, showing all its workings
