makes it practically impossible at most points to carry on such
schools. A normal school is situated at Calgary. There is a
college for secondary education in Calgary and another in Edmonton.
The following are the leading denominations in Alberta:--
1901.
Roman Catholics . . . . 12,957
Presbyterians . . . . 10,655
Methodists . . . . . 9,623
Church of England . . . 8,888
Lutherans . . . . . 5,810
Greek Church . . . . 4,618
Mormons . . . . . . 3,212
Baptists . . . . . 2,722
The Mormons of Alberta are in the most southerly part of the
province, and are a colony from the Mormon settlements in Utah,
U.S. On coming to Canada they were given lands by the Dominion of
Canada. The organization adopted in Utah among the Mormons
is found also in Alberta, but the Canadian Mormons profess
to have received a later revelation condemning polygamy.
History.---The present province of Alberta as far north as the
height of land (53 deg. N.) was from the time of the incorporation
of the Hudson's Bay Company (1670) a part of Rupert's Land.
After the discovery of the north-west by the French in 1731
and succeeding years the prairies of the west were occupied by
them, and Fort La Jonquiere was established near the present
city of Calgary (1752). The North-West Company of Montreal
occupied the northern part of Alberta district before the
Hudson's Bay Company succeeded in coming from Hudson Bay to
take possession of it. The first hold of the Athabasca region
was gained by Peter Pond, who, on behalfofthe North-West
Company of Montreal, built Fort Athabasca on river La Biche in
1778. Roderick Mackenzie, cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie,
built Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca in 1788. By way of
the North Saskatchewan river Alexander Mackenzie crossed the
height of land, and proceeding northward discovered the river
which bears his name, and also the Arctic Sea. Afterward
going westward from Lake Athabasca and through the Peace
river, he reached the Pacific Ocean, being the first white
man to cross the North American continent, north of Mexico.
As part of the North-West Territories the'district of
Alberta was organized in 1875. Additional privileges and
a locallegislature were added from time to time. At length
in 1905 the district of Alberta was enlarged and the present
province formed by the Dominion parliament. (G. BR.)
ALBERT EDWARD NYANZA, a lake of Central Africa, the
southern of the two western reservoirs of the Nile. It lies
in the Albertine rift-valley between 0 deg. 8' and 0 deg. 40' S.
and 29 deg. 28' and 29 deg. 52' E., at an elevation of 3004 ft.
above the sea. It is roughly oval in shape and has no deep
indentations. On its N.E. side it is connected by a winding
channel, 25 m. long and from a quarter of a mile to a mile
wide, flowing between high banks, with a smaller sheet of
water, Lake Dweru, which extends north of the equator.
Albert Edward Nyanza has a length of 44 m. and a breadth of
32 m. (maximum measurement) . Dweru is about 20 m. long and
10 across at its widest part. The area of the two lakes is
approximately 820 sq. m., or about the size of Leicestershire,
England. A swampy plain, traversed by the Ruchuru and other
rivers, extends south of the Nyanza and was once covered
by its waters. The plain contains several salt-pans, and
at the S.E. corner are numerous geysers. Along the eastern
shore the low land extends to Kamarangu, a point about
midway between the south and north ends of the lake, a
considerable stretch of ground intervening between the wall
of the rift-valley and the water, two terraces being clearly
defined. The euphorbia trees and other vegetation on the
lower terrace are of small size and apparently of recent
origin. At some distance from the lake runs a belt of
forest. North of Kamarangu the wall of the valley approaches
the water in a series of bluffs some 300 to 350 ft. high.
At the N.E. end the hills again recede and the plain widens
to ioclude Dweru. On the west side of the Nyanza the wall of
the rift-valley runs close to the lake shore and at the N.W.
corner the mountains close in on the water. North of the
lake a high alluvial plain stretches to the southern slopes
of the Ruwenzori mountains. From Ruwenzori a subsidiary
range, known as the Kipura mountains, runs due south to the
lake shore, where it ends in a low rounded hill. In general,
the plain rises above the lake in a series of bold bluffs,
a wide margin of swamp separating them from the water. The
Semliki, the only outlet of the lake, issues from its N.W.
end. Round the north-eastern shore of the lake are numerous
crater lakes, many salt, the most remarkable being that of
Katwe. This lake lies west of the Dweru channel and is separated
from Albert Edward Nyanza by a ridge of land, not more than 160
ft. in breadth. The sides of this ridge run down steeply to
the water on either side. The waters of the Katwe lake have
a beautiful rose colour which becomes crimson in the shadows.
The salt is highly prized and is exported to great distances.
The main feeder of Albert Edward Nyanza, and western head-stream
of the Nile, the Ruchuru, rises on the north side of the
volcanoes north of Lake Kivu (see MEUMBIRO.) On reaching the
level plain 15 m. from the lake its waters become brackish, and
the Vegetation on its banks is scanty. The reedy marshes near
its mouth form a retreat for a primitive race of fishermen.
Lake Dweru, the shores of which are generally high, is fed by
the streams from the eastern slopes of the Ruwenzori range.
One of these, the Mpango, is a larger river than the Ruchuru.
The outlet of the Nyanza, the Semliki, and the part plaved
by the lake in the Nile system are described under ALBERY NYANZA.
A feature of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza is the thick haze which
overhangs the water during the dry season, blotting out from
view the mountains. In the rains, vhen the sky is clear, the
magnificent panorama of hills encircling the lake on the west
and north-west is revealed. The lake water is clear of a light
green colour, and distinctly brackish. Fish abound, as do
waterfowl, crocodiles and, in the southern swamps, hippopotami.
In the rainy season the lake is subject to violent storms.
The entire area of Albert Edward Nyanza was found, by the
work of the Anglo-German Boundary Commission of 1902-1904,
to lie within the limits of the sphere of influence of the
Congo Free State as defined in the agreement of the 12th
of May 1894 between that state and Great Britain. Dweru
was discovered in 1875 by H. M. Stanley, then travelling
westward from Uganda, and by him was named Beatrice Gulf in
the belief that it was part of Albert Nyanza. In 1888-1889
Stanley, approaching the Nile region from the west, traced the
Semliki to its source in Albert Edward Nyanza, which lake he
discovered, naming it after Albert Edward, prince of Wales,
afterwards Edward VII. Stanley also discovered the connecting
channel between the larger lake and Dweru. The accurate
mapping of the lake was mainly the work of British officials
and travellers, such as Scott Elliott, Sir F. D. Lugard, Ewart
Grogan, J. E. Moore and Sir H. Johnston; while Emin Pasha
and Franz Stuhlmann, deputygovernor (1891) of German East
Africa, explored its southern shores. (See ALBERT NYANza and
NIRE, and the authorities there quoted.) (W. E. G.; F. R. C.)
ALBERTI, DOMENICO (c. 1710-1740), Italian musician, is
known in musical history as the writer of dozens of sonatas
in which the melody is supported from beginning to end by
an extremely familiar formula of arpeggio accompaniment,
consequently known as the Alberti bass. He thus shows
how advanced was the decay ofpolyphonic sensibility (as a
negative preparation for the advent of the sonata-style)
already during the lifetime of Bach. His works have no
other special qualities, though it is probable that Mozart's
first violin sonatas, written at the age of seven, were
modelled on Alberti in spite of their superior cleverness.
ALRERTI, LEONE BATTISTA (1404-1472), Italian painter,
poet, philosopher, musician and architect, was born in
Venice on the 18th of February 1404. He was so skilled in
Latin verse that a comedy he wrote in his twentieth year,
entitled Philodoxius, deceived the younger Aldus, who
edited and published it as the genuine work of Lepidus.
In music he was reputed one of the first organists of the
age. He held the appointment of canon in the metropolitan
church of Florence, and thus had leisure to devote himself to
his favourite art. UIe is generally regarded as one of the
restorers of the ancient style of architecture. At Rome he
was employed by Pope Nicholas V. in the restoration of the
papal palace and of the foundation of Acqua Vergine, and in
the ornamentation of the magnificent fountain of Trevi. At
Mantua he designed the church of Sant' Andrea and at Rimini
the celebrated church of San Francesco, which is generally
esteemed his finest work. On a commission from Rucellai he
designed the principal facade of the church of Santa Maria
Novella in Florence, as well as the family palace in the Via
della Scala, now known as the Palazzo Strozzi. Alberti wrote
works on sculpture, Della Statua, and on painting, De .
Pictura, which are highly esteemed; but his most celebrated
treatise is that on architecture, De Re Aedificaloria,
which has been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and
English. Alberti died at Rome in the April of 1472.
See Passerini, Gli Alberti di Firenze (1869, 1870); Mancini, Vrita
de Alberti (Firenze, 1882); V. Hoffmann, Studien zu Leon Battista
Alberti's zehn Buchern: De Re Aedicatoria (Frankenberg, 1883).
ALBERTINEILI, MARIOTTO (1474-1515), Italian painter,
was born in Florence, and was a fellow-pupil and partner
of Fra Bartolommeo, with whom he painted many works. His
chief paintings are in Florence, notably his masterpiece,
the ``Visitation of the Virgin'' (1503) at the Uffizi.
ALRERTITE, a variety of asphalt found in Albert county, New
Brunswick. It is of jet-black colour and brilliant pitch-like
lustre. Its percentage chemical composition is:--
C. H. O. N. S. Ash.
86.04 8.96 1.97 2.93 trace 0.10
It softens slightly in boiling water, but only fuses
imperfectly when further heated, and it is less
soluble than ordinary asphalt in oil of turpentine.
ALBERT LEA, a citynnd the county-seatof Freeborn county,
Minnesota, U.S.A., about 97 m. S. of St Paul. Pop. (1890) 3305;
(1900) 4500; ( 1905, state census) 5657, 1206 being foreign-born
(461 Norwegians, 411 Danes, 98 Swedes); (1910, L. S. census)
6192. It is served by two branches of the Lhicago, Milwaukee
& St Paul, by the main line and one branch of the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, by the Illinois Central, by the Iowa
Central, and by the Minneapolis & St Louis railways. It is
attractively situated between Fountain Lake and Albert Lea
Lake, and is a summer resort. It has a public library and
the Freeborn County Court House, and is the seat of Albert
Lea College (Presbyterian, for women), founded in 1884, and of
Luther Academy ( Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran), founded in
1888. Albert Lea is a railway and manufacturing centre of
considerable importance, has grain elevators and foundries
and machine shops, and manufactures bricks, tiles, carriages,
wagons, flour, corsets, refrigerators and woollen goods. The
city is also the centre of large dairy interests, and there
