sympathetic plexuses in the abdomen; or else (3) that it is a
combination of glandular inadequacy and sympathetic irritation.
The morbid anatomy shows (1) that in over 80% of the cases
the changes in the suprarenals are those due to tuberculosis,
usually beginning in the medulla and resulting in more or
less caseation; and that this lesion is bilateral and usually
secondary to tuberculous disease elsewhere, especially of
the spinal column. In the remaining cases (2) simple atrophy
has been noted, or (3) chronic interstitial inflammation
which would lead to atrophy; and finally (4) an apparently
normal condition of the glands, but the neighbouring
sympathetic ganglia diseased or involved in a mass of fibrous
tissue. Other morbid conditions of the suprarenals
do not give rise to the symptoms of Addison's Disease.
The onset of the disease is extremely insidious, a slow but
increasing condition of weakness being complained of by the
patient. There is a feeble and irregular action of the heart
resulting in attacks of syncope which may prove fatal. Blood
pressure is extremely low. From time to time there may be
severe attacks of nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea. The best
known symptom, but one which only occurs after the disease
has made considerable progress, is a gradually increasing
pigmentation of the skin, ranging from a bronzy yellow to
brown or even occasionally black. This pigmentation shows
itself (1) over exposed parts, as face and hands; (2) wherever
pigment appears normally, as in the axillae and round the
nipples; (3) wherever pressure is applied, as round the waist;
and (4) occasionally on mucous membranes, as in the mouth.
The patient's temperature is uqually somewhat subnormal. The
disease is found in males far more commonly than in females, and
among the lower classes more than the upper. But this latter fact
is probably due to poor nourishment and bad hygienic conditions
rendering the poorer classes more susceptible to tuberculosis.
The diagnosis, certainly in the early stages of the disease,
and often in the later, is by no means easy. Pigmentation of
the skin occurs in many conditions---as in normal pregnancy,
uterine fibroids, abdominal growths, certain cases of heart
disease, exophthalmic goitre, &c., and after the prolonged use
of certain drugs---as arsenic and silver. But the presence
of a low blood pressure with weakness and irritability of the
heart and some of the preceding symptoms render the diagnosis
fairly certain. The latest researches on the subject tend
to indicate a more certain diagnosis in the effect on the
blood pressure of administering suprarenal extract, the blood
pressure of the normal subject being unaffected thereby,
that of the man suffering from suprarenal inadequacy being
markedly raised. The disease is treated by promoting the
general health in every possible way; by diet; by tonics,
especially arsenic and strychnine; by attention to the
hygienic conditions; and always by the administration of one
of the many preparations of the suprarenal gland extract.
``ADDRESS, THE'', an English parliamentary term for the
reply of the Houses of Parliament (and particularly of the
House of Commons) to the speech of the sovereign at the
opening of a new parliament or session. There are certain
formalities which distinguish this stage of parliamentary
proceedings. The ``king's speech'' itself is divided into three
sections: the first, addressed to ``My Lords and Gentlemen,''
touches on foreign affairs; the second, to the ``Gentlemen of
the House of Commons,'' has reference to the estimates; the
third, to ``My Lords and Gentlemen,'' outlines the proposed
legislation for the session. Should the sovereign in person
open parliament, he does so in the House of Lords in full
state, and the speaker and members of the House of Commons
are summoned there into the royal presence. The sovereign
then reads his speech. If the sovereign is not present in
person, the speech is read by commission. The Commons then
return to their House, and an address in answer is moved in
both Houses. The government of the day selects two of its
supporters in each House to move and second the address, and
when carrying out this honourable task they appear in levee
dress. Previous to the session of 1890-1891, the royal speech
was answered paragraph by paragraph, but ``the address'' is
now moved in the form of a single resolution, thanking the
sovereign for his most gracious speech. The debate on the
address is used as a means of ranging over the whole government
policy, amendments being introduced by the opposition. A
defeat on an amendment to the address is generally regarded
by the government as a vote of no-confidence. After the
address is agreed to it is ordered to be presented to the
sovereign. The thanks of the sovereign for the address are
then conveyed to the Lords by the lord steward of the household
and to the Commons by the comptroller of the household.
ADELAER, or ADELER (Norwegian for ``eagle''), the
surname of honour given on his ennoblement to Kurt Sivertsen
(1622-1675), the famous Norwegian-Danish naval commander.
He was born at Brevig in Norway, and at the age of fifteen
became a cadet in the Dutch fleet under van Tromp, after a
few years entering the service of the Venetian Republic, which
was engaged at the time in a war with Turkey. In 1645 he had
risen to the rank of captain; and after sharing in various
victories as commander of a squadron, he achieved his most
brilliant success at the Dardanelles, on the 13th of May 1654,
when, with his own vessel alone, he broke through the line
of Turkish galleys, sank fifteen of them, and burned others,
causing a loss to the enemy of 5000 men. The following day he
entered Tenedos, and compelled the complete surrender of the
Turks. On returning to Venice he was crowned with honours,
and became admiral-lieutenant in 1660. Numerous tempting
offers were made to him by other naval powers, and in 1661
he left Venice to return to the Netherlands. Next year he
was induced, by the offer of a title and an enormous salary,
to accept the command of the Danish fleet from Frederick
III. Under Christian V. he took the command of the combined
Danish fleets against Sweden, but died suddenly on the 5th of
November 1675 at Copenhagen, before the expedition set out.
When in the Venetian service, Adelaer was known by the name of
Curzio Suffrido Adelborst (i.e. Dutch for ``naval cadet'').
ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931--999), queen of Italy and
empress, was the daughter of Rudolph II. of Burgundy and of
Bertha, daughter of Duke Burchard of Swabia. On the death
of Rudolph in 937, his widow married Hugh, king of Italy, to
whose son Lothair Adelaide was at the same time betrothed.
She was married to him in 947; but after an unhappy union
of three years Lothair died (November 22, 950). The young
widow, remarkable for her character and beauty, was seized
by Lothair's successor, Berengar II., margrave of Ivrea,
who, angered probably at her refusal to marry his son Adalbert
and thus secure his title to the Italian kingdom, kept her
in close confinement at Como. After four months (August
951), she escaped, and took refuge at Canossa with Atto, count
of Modena-Reggio (d. 981). Meanwhile Otto I., the German
king, whose English wife Edgitha had died in 946, had formed
the design of marrying her and claiming the Italian kingdom
in her right, as a step towards the revival of the empire of
Charlemagne. In September 951, accordingly, he appeared in
Italy, Adelaide willingly accepted his invitation to meet him
at Pavia and at the close of the year the fateful union was
celebrated. From the first her part in German affairs was
important. To her are ascribed the influences which led in 953
to the revolt of Ludolf, Otto's son by his first marriage, the
crushing of which in the following year established Adelaide's
power. On the 2nd of February 962 she was crowned empress
at Rome by Pope John XII. immediately after her husband,
and she accompanied Otto in 966 on his third expedition to
Italy, where she remained with him for six years. After
Otto I.'s death (May 7, 973), Adelaide exercised for some
years a controlling influence over her son, the new emperor,
Otto II. The causes of their subsequent estrangement are
obscure, but it was possibly due to the empress's lavish
expenditure in charity and church building, which endeared
her to ecclesiastics but was a serious drain on the imperial
finances. In 978 she left the court and lived partly in
Italy, partly with her brother Conrad, king of Burgundy,
by whose mediation she was ultimately reconciled to her
son. In 983, shortly before his death, she was appointed
his viceroy in Italy; and was successful, in concert with the
empress Theophano, widow of Otto II., and Archbishop Willigis
of Mainz, in defending the right of her infant grandson,
Otto III., to the German crown against the pretensions of
Henry the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria. In June 984 the
infant king was handed over by Henry to the care of the two
empresses; but the masterful will of Theophano soon obtained
the upper hand, and until the death of the Greek empress,
on the 15th of June 991, Adelaide had no voice in German
affairs. She now assumed the regency, in concert with Bishop
Willigis and a council of princes of the Empire, and held
it until in 995 Otto was declared of age. In 996 the young
king went to Italy to receive the imperial crown; and from
this date Adelaide ceased to concern herself with worldly
affairs, but devoted herself to pious exercises, to intimate
correspondence with the abbots Majolus and Odilo of Cluny,
and the foundation of churches and religious houses. She died
on the 17th of December 999, and was buried in the convent
of SS. Peter and Paul, her favourite foundation, at Salz in
Alsace. She was proclaimed a saint by the grateful German
clergy; but her name has never found a place in the Roman
calendar. Like her daughter-in-law Theophano and other
exalted ladies of this period, Adelaide possessed considerable
literary attainments (literatissima erat), and her
knowledge of Latin was of use to Otto I., who only learned the
language late in life and remained to the end a poor scholar.
By the emperor Otto I. she had four children: Otto II. (d.
983), Mathilda, abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 999), Adelheid
(Adelaide), abbess of Essen (d. 974), and Liutgard, who
married Conrad II., duke of Franconia, and died in 955.
Adelaide's life (Vita or Epitaphium Adalheidae imperatricis)
was written by St Odilo of Cluny. It is valuable only for
the latter years of the empress, after she had retired from
any active share in the world's affairs. The rest of her life
is merely outlined, though her adventures in escaping from
Berengar are treated in more detail. The best edition is in
Duchesne, Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, pp. 353. 362., see
Giov. Batt. Semeria, Vita politico-religiosa di s.
Adeleida, &c. (Turin, 1842); Jul. Bentzinger, Das Leben
der Kaiserin Adelheid ...weahrend der Regierung Ottos III.,
Inaug. Dissertation (Breslau, 1883); J. J. Dey, Hist. de
s. Adelaide, &c. (Geneva, 1862); F. P. Wimmer, Kaiserin
Adelheid, Gemahlin Ottos I. des Grossen (Regensb. 1889);
Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen (Stuttgart
and Berlin, 1904). Further references in Chevalier,
Repertoire des sources historiques (Paris, 1903).
ADELAIDE, the capital of South Australia. It is situated in
the county to which it gives name, on the banks of the river
Torrens, 7 m. from its mouth. Its site is a level plain, near
