for their removal has been very frequently performed, and,
as a rule, with marked benefit, but this treatment should
always be followed by a course of instruction in respiratory
exercises; the child must be taught regularly to fill his
lungs and make the tidal air pass through the nostrils. These
respiratory exercises may be resorted to before operation is
proposed, and in some cases they may render operative treatment
unnecessary. Operations should not be performed in cold
weather or in piercing east winds, and it is advisable to
keep the child indoors for a day or two subsequent to its
performance. To expose a child just after operating on his
throat to the risks of a journey by train or omnibus is highly
inadvisable. Although the operation is not a very painful one, it
ought not to be performed upon a child except under the influence
of chloroform or some other general anaesthetic. (F. O.*)
ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if
as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has
attained), completely and fully acquainted with one's
subject, an expert. The word implies more than acquired
proficiency, a natural inborn aptitude. In olden times
an adept was one who was versed in magic, an alchemist,
one who had attained the great secrets of the unknown.
ADERNO, a town of the province of Catania, Sicily, 22
m. N.W. of the town of that name. Pop. (1901) 25,859. It
occupies the site of the ancient Adranon, which took its name
from Adranos, a god probably of Phoenician origin, in Roman
times identified with Vulcan, whose chief temple was situated
here, and was guarded by a thousand huge gods; there are perhaps
some substructures of this building still extant outside the
town. The latter was founded about 400 B.C. by Dionysius
I.; very fine remains of its walls are preserved. For a time
it was the headquarters of Timoleon, and it was the first town
taken by the Romans in the First Punic War (263 B.C..) In
the centre of the modern town rises the castle, built by Roger
I.; in the chapel are frescoes representing his granddaughter,
Adelasia, who founded the convent of St Lucia in 1157, taking the
veil. The columns in the principal church are of black lava.
See P. Russo, Illustrazione storica di Aderno (Adorno, 1897).
ADEVISM, a term introduced by Max Muller to imply the
denial of gods (Sans. deva), on the analogy of Atheism,
the denial of God. Max Muller used it particularly in
connexion with the Vedanta philosophy for the correlative
of ignorance or nescience (Gifford lectures, 1892, c. ix.).
ADHEMAR DE CHABANNES (c. 988-c. 1030), medieval
historian, was born about 988 at Chabannes, a village in
the French department of Haute-Vienne. Educated at the
monastery of St Martial at Limoges, he passed his life as a
monk, either at this place or at the monastery of St Cybard at
Angouleme. He died about 1030, most probably at Jerusalem,
whither he had gone on a pilgrimage. Adinemar's life
was mainly spent in writing and transcribing chronicles,
and his principal work is a history entitled Chronicon
Aquitanicum et Francicum or Historia Francorum. This
is in three books and deals with Frankish history from the
fabulous reign of Pharamond, king of the Franks, to A.D.
1028. The two earlier books are scarcely more than a copy of
the Gesta regum Francorum, but the third book, which deals
with the period from 814 to 1028, is of considerable historical
importance. This is published in the Monumenta Germaniac
historica. Scriptores. Band iv. (Hanover and Berlin,
1826-1892). He also wrote Commemoratio abbatum Lemovicensium
basilicae S. Martialis apostoli (848-1029) and Epistola
ad Jordanum Lemovicensem episcopum et alios de apostolatu
S. Martialis, both of which are published by J. P. Migne
in the Patrologia Latinia, tome cxli. (Paris, 1844-1855).
See F. Arbellot, Etude historique et litteraire sur Ademar de
Chabannes (Limoges, 1873); J. F. E. Castaigne, Dissertation sur
le lieu de naissance et sur la famille du chroniqueur Ademar,
moine de l'abbaye de St Cybard d'Angouleme (Angouleine, 1850).
ADHEMAR (ADEMAR, AIMAR, AELARZ) DE MONTEIL (d. 1098),
one of the principal personages of the first crusade, was bishop
of Puy en Velay from before 1087. At the council of Clermont in
1095 he showed great zeal for the crusade, and having been named
apostolic legate by the pope, he accompanied Raymond IV., count
of Toulouse, to the east. He negotiated with Alexis Comnenus
at Constantinople, re-established at Nicaea some discipline
among the crusaders, caused the siege of Antioch to be raised
and died in that city of the plague on the 1st of August 1098.
See the article by C. Kohler in La Grande
Encyclopedie; Bibliographie du Velay (1902), 640-650.
ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere), the process
of adhering or clinging to anything. In a figurative sense,
adhesion (like ``adherent'') is used of any attachment to a
party or movement; but the word is also employed technically
in psychology, pathology and botany. In psychology Bain
and others use it of association of ideas and action; in
pathology an adhesion is an abnormal union of surfaces;
and in botany ``adhesion'' is used of dissimilar parts,
e.g. in floral whorls, in opposition to ``cohesion,''
which applies to similar parts, e.g. of the same whorl.
ADIAPHORISTS (Gr. adiaforos, indifferent). The Adiaphorist
controversy among Lutherans was an issue of the provisional
scheme of compromise between religious parties, pending a
general council, drawn up by Charles V., sanctioned at the
diet of Augsburg, 15th of May 1548, and known as the Augsburg
Interim. It satisfied neither Catholics nor Protestants.
As head of the Protestant party the young elector Maurice of
Saxony negotiated with Melanchthon and others, and at Leipzig,
on the 22nd of December 1548, secured their acceptance of the
Interim as regards adiaphora (things indifferent), points
neither enjoined nor forbidden in Scripture. This sanctioned
jurisdiction of Catholic bishops, and observance of certain
rites, while all were to accept justification by faith
(relegating sola to the adiaphora.) This modification was
known as the Leipzig Interim; its advocates were stigmatized as
Adiaphorists. Passionate opposition was led by Melanchthon's
colleague, Matth. Flacius, on the grounds that the imperial
power was not the judge of adiaphora, and that the measure
was a trick to bring back popery. From Wittenberg he fled,
April 1549, to Magdeburg, making it the headquarters of rigid
Lutheranism. Practically the controversy was concluded by the
religious peace ratified at Augsburg (Sept. 25, 1555), which
left princes a free choice between the rival confessions,
with the right to impose either on their subjects; but much
bitter internal strife was kept up by Protestants on the
theoretical question of adiaphora; to appease this was one
object of the Formula Concordiae, 1577. Another Adiaphorist
controversy between Pietists and their opponents, respecting
the lawfulness of amusements, arose in 1681, when Anton
Reiser (1628-1686) denounced the opera as antichristian.
See arts. by J. Gottschick in A. Hauck's Realencyklopadie
(1896); by Fritz in I. Goschler's Dict. Encyclop. de la
Theol. Cath. (1858); other authorities in J. C. L. Gieseler,
Ch. Hist. (N. York ed., 1868, vol. iv.); monograph by
Erh. Schmid, Adiaphora, wissenschaftlich und historisch
untersucht (1809), from the rigorist point of view.
ADIGE (Ger. Etsch, anc. Athesis), a considerable river
in North Italy. The true source of the Adige is in some
small lakes on the summit of the Reschen Scheideck Pass (4902
ft.), and it is swollen by several other streams, near Glurns,
where the roads over the Ofen and the Stelvio Passes fall
in. It thence flows east to Meran, and then south-east to
Botzen, where it receives the Eisak (6 ft.), and becomes
navigable. It then turns south-west, and, after receiving the
Noce (right) and the Avisio (left), leaves Tirol, and enters
Lombardy, 13 m. south of Rovereto. After traversing North
Italy, in a direction first southerly and then easterly, it
falls into the Adriatic at Porto Fossone, a few miles north
of the mouth of the Po. The most considerable towns on its
banks (south of Botzen) are Trent and Rovereto, in Tirol,
and Verona and Legnago, in Italy. It is a very rapid river,
and subject to sudden swellings and overflowings, which cause
great damage to the surrounding country. It is navigable from
the heart of Tirol to the sea. In Lombardy it has a breadth
of 200 yds., and a depth of 10 to 16 ft., but the strength
of the current renders its navigation very difficult, and
lessens its value as a means of transit between Germany and
Italy. The Adige has a course of about 220 m., and, after the
Po, is the most important river in Italy. In Roman times
it flowed, in its lower course, much farther north than at
present, along the base of the Euganean hills, and entered
the sea at Brondolo. In A.D. 587 the river broke its
banks, and the main stream took its present course, but
new streams opened repeatedly to the south, until now the
Adige and the Po form conjointly one delta. (W. A. B. C.)
ADIPOCERE (from the Lat. adeps, fat, and cera, wax), a
substance into which animal matter is sometimes converted, and
so named by A. F. Fourcroy, from its resemblance to both fat and
wax. When the Cimetiere des Innocens at Paris was removed in
1786-1787, great masses of this substance were found where the
coffins containing the dead bodies had been placed very closely
together. The whole body had been converted into this fatty
matter, except the bones, which remained, but were extremely
brittle. Chemically, adipocere consists principally of a
mixture of fatty acids, glycerine being absent. Saponification
with potash liberates a little ammonia (about 1%), and gives
a mixture of the potassium salts of palmitic, margaric and
oxymargaric acids. The insoluble residue consists of lime,
&c., derived from the tissues. The artificial formation
of adipocere has been studied; it appears that it is not
formed from albuminous matter, but from the various fats in
the body collecting together and undergoing decomposition.
ADIRONDACKS, a group of mountains in north-eastern New York,
U.S.A., in Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Hamilton counties,
often included by geographers in the Appalachian system,
but pertaining geologically to the Laurentian highlands of
Canada. They are bordered on the E. by Lake Champlain,
which separates them from tho Green Mountains. Unlike the
Appalachians, the Adirondacks do not form a connected
range, but consist of many summits, isolated or in groups,
arranged with little appearance of system. There are about
one hundred peaks, ranging from 1200 to 5000 ft. in height;
the highest peak, Mt. Marcy (called by the Indians Tahawus or
``cloud-splitter''), is near the eastern part of the group
and attains an elevation of 5344 ft. Other noted peaks are
M`Intyre (5210 ft,), Haystack (4918), Dix (4916) and Whiteface
(4871). These mountains, consisting of various sorts of
gneiss, intrusive granite and gabbro, have been formed partly
by faulting but mainly by erosion, the lines of which have
been determined by the presence of faults or the presence of
relatively soft rocks. Lower Palaeozoic strata lap up on to
the crystalline rocks on all sides of the mountain group. The
region is rich in magnetic iron ores, which though mined for
many years are not yet fully developed. Other mineral products
are graphite, garnet used as an abrasive, pyrite and zinc
