ore. The mountains form the water-parting between the Hudson
and the St Lawrence rivers. On the south and south-west
the waters flow either directly into the Hudson, which rises
in the centre of the group, or else reach it through the
Mohawk. On the north and east the waters reach the St Lawrence
by way of Lakes George and Champlain, and on the west they
flow directly into that stream or reach it through Lake
Ontario. The most important streams within the area are the
Hudson, Black, Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, Saranac and Ausable
rivers. The region was once covered, with the exception of
the higher summits, by the Laurentian glacier, whose erosion,
while perhaps having little effect on the larger features of the
country, has greatly modified it in detail, producing lakes and
ponds, whose number is said to exceed 1300, and causing many
falls and rapids in the streams. Among the larger lakes are
the Upper and Lower Saranac, Big and Little Tupper, Schroon,
Placid, Long, Raquette and Blue Mountain. The region known as
the Adirondack Wilderness, or the Great North Woods, embraces
between 5000 and 6000 sq. m. of mountain, lake, plateau and
forest, which for scenic grandeur is almost unequalled in
any other part of the United States. The mountain peaks are
usually rounded and easily scaled, and as roads have been
constructed over their slopes and in every direction through
the forests, all points of interest may be easily reached by
stage. Railways penetrate the heart of the region, and small
steamboats ply upon the larger lakes. The surface of most
of the lakes lies at an elevation of over 1500 ft. above
the sea; their shores are usually rocky and irregular, and
the wild scenery within their vicinity has made them very
attractive to the tourist. The mountains are easily reached
from Plattsburgh, Port Kent, Herkimer, Malone and Saratoga
Springs. Every year thousands spend the summer months in the
wilderness, where cabins, hunting lodges, villas and hotels are
numerous. The resorts most frequented are in the vicinity
of the Saranac and St Regis lakes and Lake Placid. In the
Adirondacks are some of the best hunting and fishing grounds
in the eastern United States. Owing to the restricted period
allowed for hunting, deer and small game are abundant, and the
brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes are well stocked with trout
and black bass. At the head of Lake Placid stands Whiteface
Mountain, from whose summit one of the finest views of the
Adirondacks may be obtained. Two miles south-east of this
lake, at North Elba, is the old farm of the abolitionist John
Brown, which contains his grave and is much frequented by
visitors. Lake Placid is the principal source of the Ausable
river, which for a part of its course flows through a
rocky chasm from 100 to 175 ft. deep and rarely over 30 ft.
wide. At the head of the Ausable Chasm are the Rainbow Falls,
where the stream makes a vertical leap of 70 ft. Another
impressive feature of the Adirondacks is Indian Pass, a gorge
about eleven miles long, between Mt. M`Intyre and Wallface
Mountain. The latter is a majestic cliff rising vertically
from the pass to a height of 1300 ft. Keene Valley, in
the centre of Essex county, is another picturesque region,
presenting a pleasing combination of peaceful valley and
rugged hills. Though the climate during the winter months
is very severe--the temperature sometimes falling as low
as -42 deg. F.--it is beneficial to persons suffering from
pulmonary troubles, and a number of sanitariums have been
established. The region is heavily forested with spruce,
pine and broad-leaved trees. Lumbering is an important
industry, but it has been much restricted by the creation of
a state forest preserve, containing in 1907, 1,401,482 acres,
and by the purchase of large tracts for game preserves and
recreation grounds by private clubs. The so-called Adirondack
Park, containing over 3,000,000 acres, includes most of the
state preserve and large areas held in private ownership.
For a description of the Adirondacks, see S. R. Stoddard,
The Adirondacks Illustrated (24th ed., Glen Falls,
1894); and E. R. Wallace, Descriptive Guide to the
Adirondacks (Syracuse, 1894). For geology and mineral
resources consult the Reports of the New York State
Geologist and the Bulletins of the New York State Museum.
ADIS ABABA (``the new flower''), the capital of Abyssinia
and of the kingdom of Shoa, in 9 deg. 1' N., 38 deg. 56' E., 220
m. W. by S. of Harrar, and about 450 m. S.W. of Jibuti on
the Gulf of Aden. Adis Ababa stands on the southern slopes
of the Entotto range, at an altitude of over 8000 ft., on
bare, grassy undulations, watered by small streams flowing
S.S.E. to the Hawash. It is a large straggling encampment
rather than a town, with few buildings of any architectural
merit. The Gobi or royal enclosure completely covers a small
hill overlooking the whole neighbourhood, while around it
are the enclosures of the abuna and principal nobles, and the
residences of the foreign ministers. The principal traders
are Armenians and Hindus. About a mile north-east of the
palace is the military camp. On the hills some five miles to
the north, 1500 ft. above the camp, are the ruins of an old
fortress, and the churches of St Raguel and St Mariam. The
town is in telegraphic communication with Massawa, Harrar and
Jibuti. It was founded by Menelek II. in 1892 as the
capital of his kingdom in succession to Entotto, a deserted
settlement some ten or twelve miles north of Adis Ababa.
ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectivus, added), a word used
chiefly in its grammatical sense of limiting or defining the
noun to which it refers. Formerly grammarians used not to
separate a noun from its adjective, or attribute, but spoke of
them together as a noun-adjective. In the art of dyeing, certain
colours are known as adjective colours, as they require mixing
with some basis to render them permanent. ``Adjective law''
is that which relates to the forms of procedure, as opposed to
``substantive law,'' the rules of right administered by a court.
ADJOURNMENT (through the French from the Late Lat.
adjurnare, to put off until or summon for another day),
the act of postponing a meeting of any private or public
body, particularly of parliament, or any business, until
another time, or indefinitely (in which case it is an
adjournment sine die.) The word applies also to the period
during which the meeting or business stands adjourned.
ADJUDICATION (Lat. adjudicatio; adjudicare, to award),
generally, a trying or determining of a case by the exercise
of judicial power; a judgment. In a more technical sense,
in English and American law, an adjudication is an order of
the bankruptcy courts by which a debtor is adjudged bankrupt
and his property vested in a trustee. It usually proceeds
from a resolution of the creditors or where no composition
or scheme of arrangement has been proposed by the debtor. It
may be said to consummate bankruptcy, for not till then does
a debtor's property actually vest in a trustee for division
among the creditors, though from the first act of bankruptcy
till adjudication it is protected by a receiving order.
As to the effect which adjudication has on the bankrupt, see
under BANKRUPTCY. The same process in Scots law is called
sequestration. In Scots law the term ``adjudication'' has quite
a different meaning, being the name of that action by which a
creditor attaches the heritable, i.e. the real, estate of his
debtor, or his debtor's heir, in order to appropriate it to
himself either in payment or security of his debt. The term
is also applied to a proceeding of the same nature by which
the holder of a heritable right, labouring under any defect in
point of form, gets that defect supplied by decree of a court.
ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join), that which
is joined on to another, not an essential part, and inferior to it
in mind or function, but which nevertheless amplifies or modifies
it. Adverbs and adjectives are adjuncts to the words they
qualify. Learning, says Shakespeare, is an ``adjunct to ourself''
(Love's Labour's Lost, IV. iii. 314). Twelve members of the
Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris are called ``adjuncts.''
ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad-juxtare, derived from
juxta. near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation
from justus, right), regulating, adapting or settling; in
commercial law, the settlement of a loss incurred at sea on
insured goods. The calculation of the amounts to be made
good to and paid by the several interests is a complicated
matter. It involves much detail and arithmetic, and requires
a full and accurate knowledge of the principles of the
subject. Such adjustments are made by men called adjusters,
who make the subject their profession. In Great Britain
they are for the most part members of the Average Adjusters'
Association (1870), a body which has done much careful
work with a view to making and keeping the practice uniform
and in accord with right principles. This association
has gradually formulated, at their annual meetings, a body
of practical rules which the individual members undertake
to observe. (See AVERAGE and INSURANCE, Marine.)
ADJUTAGE (from Fr. ajutage, from ajouter, to join
on; an older English form was ``adjustage''), a mouthpiece
or nozzle, so formed as to facilitate the outflow of
liquids from a vessel or pipe. (See HYDRAULICS.)
ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid), a helper or junior in
command, one who assists his superior, especially an officer
who acts as an assistant to the officer commanding a corps of
troops. In the British army the appointment of adjutant is held
by a captain or lieutenant. The adjutant acts as staff officer
to the commanding officer, issues his orders, superintends the
work of the orderly room and the general administration of the
corps, and is responsible for musketry duties and the training of
recruits. Regular officers are appointed as adjutants to all
units of the auxiliary forces. On the European continent the
word is not restricted to the lower units of organization; for
example, in Germany the Adjutantur includes all ``routine''
as distinct from ``general'' staff officers in the higher
units, and the aides-decamp of royal persons and of the higher
commanders are also styled adjutant-generals, flugel-adj
utanten, &c . For the so-called adjutant bird see JABIRU.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, an army official, originally (as indicated
by the word) the chief assistant (Lat. adjuvare) staff-officer
to a general in command, but now a distinct high functionary
at the head of a special office in the British and American war
departments. In England the second military member of the
Army Council is styled adjutant-general to the forces. He
is a general officer and at the head of his department of
the War Office, which is charged with all duties relative to
personnel. The adjutant-general of the United States army is
one of the principal officers in the war department, the head
of the bureau for army correspondence, with the charge of the
records, recruiting, issue of commissions, &c. Individual
American states also have their own adjutant-general, with
cognate duties regarding the state militia. In many countries,
such as Germany and Russia, the term has retained its original
meaning of an officer on the personal staff, and is the
designation of personal aides-de-camp to the sovereign.
By a looseness of translation, the superintendents of
provinces, in the order of Jesuits, who act as officials
under the superintendence of and auxiliary to the
