the foot of the Mount Lofty range, in which Mount Lofty itself
reaches 2334 ft. The broad streets of the city intersect at right
angles. It is divided into North Adelaide, the residential,
and South Adelaide, the business quarter. A broad strip of
park lands lies between them, through which runs the river
Torrens, crossed by five bridges and greatly improved by a
dam on the west of the city. The banks are beautifully laid
out. Broad belts of park lands surround both North and South
Adelaide, and as the greater portion of these lands is planted
with fine shady trees, this feature renders Adelaide one of
the most attractive cities in Australasia. South Adelaide is
bounded by four broad terraces facing north, south, east and
west. The main thoroughfare, King William Street, runs north
and south, passing through Victoria Square, a small park
in the centre of the city. Handsome public buildings are
numerous. Government House stands in grounds on the north
side of North Terrace, with several other official buildings
in the vicinity; but the majority are in King William Street.
Here are the town hall, with the lofty Albert Tower, and the
general post office, with the Victoria Tower--which, with the
old and new Government offices, the Roman Catholic cathedral
of St Francis Xavier and the court houses, surround Victoria
Square. On North Terrace are the houses of parliament, and
the institute, containing a public library and museum. Here
is also Adelaide University, established by an act of 1874,
and opened in 1876. The existing buildings were opened in
1882. Munificent gifts have from time to time assisted in the
extension of its scope, as for example that of Sir Thomas Elder
(d. 1897), who took a leading part in the foundation of the
university. This gift, among other provisions, enabled the
Elder Conservatorium of Music to be established, the building
for which was opened in 1900. In 1903 a building for the
schools of engineering and science was opened. The total
number of students in the university approaches 1000. To the
east of the university is the building in which the exhibition
was held in commemoration of the jubilee of the colony in
1887. This building is occupied by the Royal Agricultural
and Horticultural Society, a technical museum, &c. The
school of mines and industries (1903) stands east of this
again. The buildings of the numerous important commercial,
social and charitable institutions add to the dignity of the
city. The Anglican cathedral of St Peter (1878) is in North
Adelaide. The Botanical Park, which has an area of 84 acres,
lies on the south bank of the Torrens, on the east of the
city. It includes the Zoological Garden, is beautifully
laid out and forms one of the most attractive features of
Adelaide. The city has a number of good statues, chief among
which are copies of the Farnese Hercules (Victoria Square)
and of Canova's Venus (North Terrace), statues of Queen
Victoria and Robert Burns, Sir Thomas Elder's statue at the
university, and a memorial (1905) over the grave of Colonel
Light, founder of the colony, in Light Square. Adelaide is
governed by a mayor and six aldermen elected by the whole
body of the ratepayers, and is the only Australian city in
which the mayor is so elected. The chief industries are the
manufacture of woollen, earthenware and iron goods, brewing,
starch-making, flour-milling and soap-boiling. Adelaide
is also the central share market of Australia, for West
Australian goldmines, for the silver-mines at Broken Hill,
and for the coppermines at Wallaroo, Burra Burra and Moonta;
while Port Adelaide, on the neighbouring shore of St Vincent
Gulf, ranks as the third in the Commonwealth. Adelaide is
the terminus of an extensive railway system, the main line
of which runs through Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane to
Rockhampton. In summer the climate is often oppressively hot
under the influence of winds blowing from the interior, but the
proximity of the sea on the one side and of the mountains on
the other allows the inhabitants to avoid the excessive heat;
at other seasons, however, the climate is mild and pleasant;
with a mean annual rainfall of 20.4 ins. The vice-regal
summer residence is at Marble Hill, on the Mount Lofty
range. Adelaide was founded in 1836 and incorporated in
1843. It received its name at the desire of King William
IV., in honour of Queen Adelaide. Round the city are many
pleasant suburbs, connected with it by rail and tramways;
the chief of these are Burnside, Beaumont, Unley, Mitcham,
Goodwood, Plymton, Hindmarsh, Prospect, St Peters, Norwood
and Kensington. Glenelg is a favourite watering-place.
The population of the city proper was 39,240 in 1901; of
the city and suburbs within a 10-miles radius, 162,261.
ADELARD (or AETHELARD) of Bath (12th century), English
scholastic philosopher, and one of the greatest savants of
medieval England. He studied in France at Laon and Tours, and
travelled, it is said, through Spain, Italy, North Africa and
Asia Minor, during a period of seven years. At a time when
Western Europe was rich in men of wide knowledge and intellectual
eminence, he gained so high a reputation that he was described
by Vincent de Beauvais as Philosophus Anglorum. He lived
for a time in the Norman kingdom of Sicily and returned to
England in the reign of Henry I. From the Pipe Roll (31 Henry
I. 1130) it appears that he was awarded an annual grant of
money from the revenues of Wiltshire. The great interest of
Adelard in the history of philosophy lies in the fact that
he made a special study of Arabian philosophy during his
travels, and, on his return to England, brought his knowledge
to bear on the current scholasticism of the time. He has been
credited with a knowledge of Greek, and it is said that his
translation of Euclid's Elements was made from the original
Greek. It is probable, however, from the nature of the text,
that his authority was an Arabic version. This important
work was published first at Venice in 1482 under the name
of Campanus of Novara, but the work is always attributed to
Adelard. Campanus may be responsible for some of the notes.
It became at once the text-book of the chief mathematical
schools of Europe, though its critical notes were of little
value. His Arabic studies he collected under the title
Perdifficiles Quaestiones Naturales, printed after
1472. It is in the form of a dialogue between himself and
his favourite nephew, and was dedicated to Richard, bishop
of Bayeux from 1113 to 1133. He wrote also treatises on
the astrolabe (a copy of this is in the British Museum), on
the abacus (three copies exist in the Vatican library, the
library of Leiden University and the Bibliotheque Nationale
in Paris), translations of the Kharismian tables and an
Arabic Introduction to Astronomy. His great contribution to
philosophy proper was the De Eodem et Diverso (On Identity
and Difference), which is in the form of letters addressed
to his nephew. In this work philosophy and the world are
personified as Philosophia and Philocosmia in conflict for
the soul of man. Philosophia is accompanied by the liberal
arts, represented as Seven Wise Virgins; the world by Power,
Pleasure, Dignity, Fame and Fortune. The work deals with
the current difficulties between nominalism and realism, the
relation between the individual and the genus or species.
Adelard regarded the individual as the really existent, and
yet, from different points of view, as being himself the genus
and the species. He was either the founder or the formulator
of the doctrine of indifference, according to which genus
and species retain their identity in the individual apart
altogether from particular idiosyncrasies. For the relative
importance of this doctrine see article SCHOLASTICISM.
See Jourdain, Recherches sur Les traductions d'Aristote
(2nd ed., 1843); Haureau, Philosophie Scholastique (2nd
ed., 1872), and works appended to art. SCHOLASTICISM.
ADELSBERG (Slovene Postojina), a market-town in Carniola,
Austria, 30 m. S.S.W. of Laibach by rail, Pop. (1900) 3636,
mostly Slovene. About a mile from the town is the entrance
to the famous stalactite cavern of Adelsberg, the largest and
most magnificent in Europe. The cavern is divided into four
grottoes, with two lateral ramifications which reach to the
distance of about a mile and a half from the entrance. The
river Poik enters the cavern 60 ft. below its mouth, and is
heard murmuring in its recesses. In the Kaiser-Ferdinand
grotto, the third of the chain, a great ball is annually held
on Whit-Monday, when the chamber is brilliantly illuminated.
The Franz-Joseph-Elisabeth grotto, the largest of the four, and
the farthest from the entrance, is 665 ft. in length, 640 ft.
in breadth and more than 100 ft. high. Besides the imposing
proportions of its chambers, the cavern is remarkable for the
variegated beauty of its stalactite formations, some resembling
transparent drapery, others waterfalls, trees, animals or human
beings, the more grotesque being called by various fanciful
appellations. These subterranean wonders were known as far
back as 1213, but the cavern remained undiscovered in modern
times until 1816, and it is only in still more recent times
that its vast extent has been fully ascertained and explored.
The total length of the passages is now estimated at over 5 1/2
m. The connexion with the Ottokar grotto was established in
1890. The Magdalene grotto, about an hour's walk to the
north, is celebrated for the extraordinary subterranean
amphibian, the proteus anguinus, first discovered
there. It is about a foot in length, lives on snails
and worms and is provided with both lungs and gills.
ADELUNG, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (1732-1806), German grammarian and
philologist, was born at Spantekow, in Pomerania, on the 8th of
August 1732, and educated at the public schools of Anklam and
Klosterbergen, and the university of Halle. In 1759 he was
appointed professor at the gymnasium of Erfurt, but relinquished
this situation two years later and went to reside in a private
capacity at Leipzig, where he devoted himself to philological
researches. In 1787 he received the appointment of principal
librarian to the elector of Saxony at Dresden, where he continued
to reside until his death on the 10th of September 1806.
The writings of Adelung are very voluminous, and there
is not one of them, perhaps, which does not exhibit
some proofs of the genius, industry and erudition of the
author. By means of his excellent grammars, dictionary and
various works on German style, he contributed greatly towards
rectifying the orthography, refining the idiom and fixing
the standard of his native tongue. His German dictionary--
Grammatisch-kritisches Worterbuch der hochdeutschen
Mundart (1774-1786)--bears witness to the patient spirit
of investigation which Adelung possessed in so remarkable a
degree, and to his intimate knowledge of the history of the
different dialects on which modern German is based. No man
before Jakob Grimm (q.v.) did so much for the language of
Germany. Shortly before his death he issued Mithridates,
oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde (1806). The hint of this work
appears to have been taken from a publication, with a similar
title, published by Konrad von Gesner (1516-1565) in 1555;
but the plan of Adelung is much more extensive. Unfortunately
he did not live to finish what he had undertaken. The first
volume, which contains the Asiatic languages, was published
immediately after his death; the other two were issued under
