the superintendence of Johann Severin Vater (1771-1826).
Of the very numerous works by Adelung the following may be
noted: Directorium diplomaticum (Meissen, 1802); Deutsche
Sprachlehre fur Schulen (Berlin, 1781), and the periodical,
Magazin fur die deutsche Sprache (Leipzig, 1782-1784).
ADEMPTION (Lat. ademptio, from adimere, a taking away),
in law, a revocation of a grant or bequest (see LEGACY.)
ADEN, a seaport and territory in Arabia, politically
part of British India, under the governor of Bombay. The
seaport is situated in 12 deg. 45' N. lat., and 45 deg. 4' E.
long., on a peninsula near the entrance to the Red Sea, 100
m. E. of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. The peninsula of Aden
consists chiefly of a mass of barren and desolate volcanic
rocks, extending five miles from east to west, and three
from its northern shore to Ras Sanailah or Cape Aden, its
most southerly point; it is connected with the mainland by
a neck of flat sandy ground only a few feet high; and its
greatest elevation is Jebel Shamshan, 1776 ft. above the
level of the sea. The town is built on the eastern coast,
in what is probably the crater of an extinct volcano, and is
surrounded by precipitous rocks that form an admirable natural
defence. There are two harbours, an outer, facing the
town, protected by the island of Sirah, but now partially
choked with mud; and an inner, called Aden Back-bay, or,
by the Arabs, Bandar Tawayih, on the western side of the
peninsula, which at all periods of the year admits vessels
drawing less than 20 ft. On the whole, Aden is a healthy
place, although it suffers considerably from the want of good
water, and the heat is often very intense. From time to time
additional land on the mainland has been acquired by cession
or purchase, and the adjoining island of Perim, lying in
the actual mouth of the strait, was permanently occupied in
1857. Farther inland, and along the coast, most of the
Arab chiefs are under the political control of the British
government, which pays them regular allowances. The area of
the peninsula is only 15 sq. m., but the total area of British
territory is returned at 80 sq. m., including Perim (5 sq.
m.), and that of the Aden Protectorate is about 9000 sq.
m. The seaport of Aden is strongly fortified. Modern science
has converted ``Steamer Point'' into a seemingly impregnable
position, the peninsula which the ``Point'' forms to the
whole crater being cut off by a fortified line which runs
from north to south, just to the east of the coal wharfs.
The administration is conducted by a political resident,
who is also the military commandant. All food requires to
be imported, and the water-supply is largely derived from
condensation. A little water is obtained from wells, and some
from an aqueduct 7 m. long, constructed in 1867 at a cost of
L. 30,000, besides an irregular supply from the old reservoirs.
From its admirable commercial and military position, Aden early
became the chief entrepot of the trade between Europe and
Asia. It is the 'Arabia eudaimon of the Periplus.
It was known to the Romans as Arabia Felix and Attanae,
and was captured by them, probably in the year 24 B.C.
In 1513 it was unsuccessfully attacked by the Portuguese
under Albuquerque, but subsequently it fell into the hands
of the Turks in 1538. In the following century the Turks
themselves relinquished their conquests in Yemen, and the
sultan of Sana established a supremacy over Aden, which was
maintained until the year 1735, when the sheikh of Lahej,
throwing off his allegiance, founded a line of independent
sultans. In 1837 a ship under British colours was wrecked near
Aden, and the crew and passengers grievously maltreated by the
Arabs. An explanation of the outrage being demanded by the
Bombay government, the sultan undertook to make compensation
for the plunder of the vessel, and also agreed to sell his
town and port to the English. Captain Haines of the Indian
navy was sent to complete these arrangements, but the sultan's
son refused to fulfil the promises that his father had
made. A combined naval and miltary force was thereupon
despatched, and the place was captured and annexed to
British India on the 16th of January 1839. The withdrawal
of the trade between Europe and the East, caused by the
discovery of the passage round the Cape of Good Hope, and
the misgovernment of the native rulers, had gradually reduced
Aden to a state of comparative insignificance; but about the
time of its capture by the British the Red Sea route to India
was reopened, and commerce soon began to flow in its former
channel. Aden was made a free port, and was chosen as one of
the coaling stations of the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship
Company. Its importance as a port of call for steamers and a
coaling station has grown immensely since the opening of the Suez
Canal. It also conducts a considerable trade with the interior of
Arabia, and with the Somali coast of Africa on the opposite side
of the Red Sea. The submarine cables of the Eastern Telegraph
Company here diverge--on the one hand to India, the Far East
and Australia, and on the other hand to Zanzibar and the Cape.
In 1839 the population was less than 1000, but in 1901 it
had grown to 43,974. The gross revenue (1901-1902) was Rs.
37,25,915. There are three printing-presses, of which one
is in the gaol and the other two belong to a European and
a Parsee firm of merchants. The port is visited yearly by
some 1300 steamers with a tonnage of 2 1/2 million tons. The
principal articles of import are coffee, Cotton-piece goods,
&c., grain, hides, coal, opium, cotton- twist and yarn. The
exports are, in the main, a repetition of the imports. Of
the total imports nearly one-third come from the east coast of
Africa, and another third from Arabia. Of the total exports,
nearly one-third again go to the east coast of Africa. The
Aden brigade belongs to the western army corps of India.
ADENES (ADENEZ or ADANS), surnamed LE ROI, French
trouvere, was born in Brabant about 1240. He owed his
education to the kindness of Henry III., duke of Brabant,
and he remained in favour at court for some time after the
death (1261) of his patron. In 1269 he entered the service
of Guy de Dampierre, afterwards count of Flanders, probably
as roi des menestrels, and followed him in the next year
on the abortive crusade in Tunis in which Louis IX. lost his
life. The expedition returned by way of Sicily and Italy,
and Adenes has left in his poems some very exact descriptions
of the places through which he passed. The purity of his
French and the absence of provincialisms point to a long
residence in France, and it has been suggested that Adenes
may have followed Mary of Brabant thither on her marriage
with Philip the Bold. He seems, however, to have remained
in the service of Count Guy, although he made frequent visits
to Paris to consult the annals preserved in the abbey of St
Denis. The poems written by Adenes are four: the Enfances
Ogier, an enfeebled version of the Chevalerie Ogier de
Danemarche written by Raimbert de Paris at the beginning
of the century; Berte aus granspies, the history of the
mother of Charlemagne, founded on well-known traditions which
are also preserved in the anonymous Chronique de France,
and in the Chronique rimee of Philippe Mousket; Bueves de
Comarchis, belonging to the cycle of romance gathered round the
history of Aimeri de Narbonne; and a long roman d'aventures,
Cleomades, borrowed from Spanish and Moorish traditions
brought into France by Blanche, daughter of Louis IX., who
after the death of her Spanish husband returned to the French
court. Adenes probably died before the end of the 13th century.
The romances of Adenes were edited for the Academie
Imperiale et Royale of Brussels by A. Scheler and A. van
Hasseh in 1874; Berte was rendered into modern French by
G. Hecq (1897) and by R. Perie(1900); Cleomades, by
Le Chevalier de Chatelain (1859). See also the edition of
Berte by Paulin Paris (1832); an article by the same writer
in the Hist. litt. de la France, vol. xx. pp. 679-718;
Leon Gautier, Les epopees francaises, vol. iii., &c.
ADENINE, or 6-AMINO-PURIN, C5H5N5, in chemistry, a
basic substance which has been obtained as a decomposition
product of nuclein, and also from the pancreatic glands of
oxen. It has been synthesized by E. Fischer (Berichte,
1897, 30, p. 2238) by heating 2.6.8-trichlorpurin with 10
times its weight of ammonia for six hours at 100 deg. C.; by
this means 6-amino-2.8-dichlorpurin is obtained, which on
reduction by means of hydriodic acid and phosphonium iodide
is converted into adenine. In 1898 E. Fischer also obtained
it from 8-oxy-2.6-dichlorpurin Berichte, 1898, 31, p. 104).
It crystallizes in long needles; forms salts C5H5N5.2HI and
(C5H5N5)2.H2SO4.2H2O, and is converted by nitrous acid
into hypoxanthine or 6-oxypurin. On heating with hydrochloric
acid at 180-200 deg. C. it is decomposed; the products of the
reaction being glycocoll, ammonia, formic acid and carbon
dioxide. Various methyl derivatives of adenine have been
described by E. Fischer (Berichte, 1898, 31, on 104) and
by M. Kruger (Zeit. fur physiol. Chemie, 1894, 18, p.
434). For the constitution of adenine see PURIN.
ADENOIDS, or ADENOID GROWTHS (from Gr. adenoeides, glandular),
masses of soft, spongy tissue between the back of the nose
and throat, occurring mostly in young children; blocking the
air-way, they prevent the due inflation of the lungs and the
proper development of the chest. The growths are apt to keep
up a constant catarrh near the orifice of the ventilating
tubes which pass from the throat to the ear, and so render
the child dull of hearing or even deaf. They also give
rise to asthma, and like enlarged tonsils--with which they
are often associated-- they impart to the child a vacant,
stupid expression, and hinder his physical and intellectual
development. They cause his voice to be ``stuffy,'' thick, and
unmusical. Though, except in the case of a cleft palate,
they cannot be seen with the naked eye, they are often
accompanied by a visible and suggestive granular condition
of the wall at the back of the throat. Their presence may
easily be determined by the medical attendant gently hooking
the end of the index-finger round the back of the soft
palate. If the tonsils are enlarged it is kinder to postpone
this digital examination of the throat until the child is
under the influence of an anaesthetic for operation upon the
tonsils, and if adenoids are present they can be removed at
the same time that the tonsils are dealt with. Though the
disease is a comparatively recent discovery, the pioneer
in its treatment being Meyer of Copenhagen, it has probably
existed as long as tuberculosis itself, with which affection
it is somewhat distantly connected. In the unenlightened
days many children must have got well of adenoids without
operation, and even at the present time it by no means follows
that because a child has these postnasal vegetations he must
forthwith be operated on. The condition is very similar
to that of enlarged tonsils, where with time, patience and
attention to general measures, operation is often rendered
unnecessary. But if the child continues to breathe with
his mouth open and to snore at night, if he remains deaf and
dull, and is troubled with a chronic ``cold in his head,''
the question of thorough exploration of the naso-pharynx
and of a surgical operation should most certainly be
considered. In recent years the comparatively simple operation
