brought to anchor off the island of Kiushiu, Japan. Adams was
summoned to Osaka and there examined by Iyeyasu, the guardian
of the young son of Taiko Sama, the ruler, who had just
died. His knowledge of ships and shipbuilding, and his nautical
smattering of mathematics, raised him in the estimation of the
shogun, and he was subsequently presented with an estate at
Hemi near Yokosuka; but was refused permission to return to
England. In 1611 news came to him of an English settlement
in Bantam, and he wrote asking for help. In 1613 Captain
John Saris arrived at Hirado in the ship ``Clove'' with the
object of establishing a trading factory for the East India
Company, and after obtaining the necessary concessions from
the shogun, Adams postponed his voyage home (permission for
which had now been given him) in order to take a leading part,
under Richard Cocks, in the organization of this new English
settlement. He had already married a Japanese woman, by
whom he had a family, and the latter part of his life was
spent in the service of the English trading company, for
whom he undertook a number of voyages to Siam in 1616, and
Cochin China in 1617 and 1618. He died on the 16th of May
1620, some three years before the dissolution of the English
factory. His Japanese title was Anjin Sama, and his memory was
preserved in the naming of a street in Yedo, Anjin Cho (Pilot
Street), and by an annual celebration on June 15 in his honour.
See England's Earliest Intercourse with Japan, by C. W.
Hillary (1905; Letters written by the English Residents in
Japan, ed. by N. Murakami (1900, containing Adams's Letters
reprinted from Memorials of the Empire of Japan, ed. by T.
Rundall, Hakluyt Society, 1850); Diary of Richard Cocks,
with preface by N. Murakami (1899, reprinted from the Hakluyt
Society ed. 1883); R. Hildreth's Japan (1835); J. Harris's
Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca (1764), i.
856; Voyage of John Saris, ed. by Sir E. M. Satow (Hakluyt
Society, 1900); Asiatic Society of Japan Transactions, xxvi.
(sec. 1898) pp. 1 and 194, where four more hitherto unpublished
letters of Adams are given; Collection of State Papers; East
Indies, China and Japan. The MS. of his logs written during his
voyages to Siam and China is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
ADAMS, a township in the extreme N. of Berkshire county,
N.W. Massachusetts, U.S.A., having an area of 23 sq. m. Pop.
(1880) 5591; (1890) 9213; (1900) 11,134, of whom 4376 were
foreign-born; (1910, census) 13,026. It includes a portion
of the valley of the Hoosac river, extending to the Hoosac
Range on the E., and on the W. to Mt. Williams (3040 ft.),
and Grey'lock Mountain (3535 ft ), partly in Williamstown,
and the highest point in the state. The valley portion is
level and contains several settlement centres, the largest
of which, a busy industrial village (manufactures of cotton
and paper), bears the same name as the township, and is on
a branch of the Boston and Albany railroad. The village
is the nearest station to Greylock, which can be easily
ascended, and affords fine views of the Hoosac and Housatonic
valleys, the Berkshire Hills and the Green Mountains;
the mountain has been a state timber reservation since
1898. The township's principal industry is the manufacture
of cotton goods, the value of which in 1905 ($4,621,261) was
84.1% of the value of the township's total factory products;
in 1905 no other place in the United States showed so high
a degree of specialization in this industry. The township
(originally ``East Hoosuck'') was surveyed and defined in
1749. Fort Massachusetts, at one time within its bounds,
was destroyed in 1746 by the French. An old Indian trail
between the Hudson and Connecticut valley ran through the
township, and was once a leading outlet of the Berkshire
country. Adams was incorporated in 1778, and was named in
honour of Samuel Adams, the revolutionary leader. Part of
Adams was included in the new township of Cheshire in 1793,
and North Adams was set off as a separate township in 1878.
ADAM'S APPLE, the movable projection, more prominent in
males than females, formed in the front part of the throat by
the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The name was given from
a legend that a piece of the forbidden fruit lodged in Adam's
throat. The ``Adam's apple'' is one of the particular points of
attack in the Japanese system of self-defence known as jiu-jitsu.
ADAM'S BRIDGE, or RAMA'S BRIDGE, a chain of sandbanks
extending from the island of Manaar, near the N.W. coast of
Ceylon to the island of Rameswaram, off the Indian coast,
and lying between the Gulf of Manaar on the S.W. and Palk
Strait on the N.E. It is more than 30 m. long and offers
a serious impediment to navigation. Some of the sandbanks
are dry; and no part of the shoal has a greater depth than 3
or 4 ft. at high water, except three tortuous and intricate
channels which have recently been dredged to a sufficient
depth to admit the passage of vessels, so as to obviate the
long journey round the island of Ceylon which was previously
necessary. Geological evidence shows that this gap was
once bridged by a continuous isthmus which according to
the temple records was breached by a violent storm in
1480. Operations for removing the obstacles in the channel
and for deepening and widening it were begun as long ago as
1838. A service of the British India Steam Navigation
Company's steamers has been established between Negapatam
and Colombo through Palk Strait and this narrow passage.
ADAM SCOTUS (d. 1180), theological writer, sometimes called
Adam Anglicus or Anglo-Scotus, was born in the south of
Scotland in the first half of the 12th century. About 1150 he
was a Premonstratensian canon at St Andrews, and some twenty
years later abbot and bishop of Candida Casa (Whithorn) in
Galloway. He gained a European reputation for his writings,
which are of mystico-ascetic type, and include an account
of the Premonstratensian order, a collection of festival
sermons, and a Soliloquia de instructione discipuli,
formerly attributed to his contemporary, Adam of St Victor.
ADAMSON, PATRICK (1537--1592), Scottish divine, archbishop
of St Andrews, was born at Perth. He studied philosophy, and
took the degree of M.A. at St Andrews. After being minister
of Ceres in Fife for three years, in 1566 he set out for
Paris as tutor to the eldest son of Sir James Macgill, the
clerk-general. In June of the same year he wrote a Latin poem
on the birth of the young prince James, whom he described as
serenissimus princeps of France and England. The French
court was offended, and he was confined for six months. He
was released only through the intercession of Queen Mary of
Scotland and some of the principal nobility, and retired with
his pupil to Bourges. He was in this city at the time of
the massacre of St Bartholomew at Paris, and lived concealed
for seven months in a public-house, the aged master of which,
in reward for his charity to a heretic, was thrown from the
roof. While in this ``Sepulchre,', he wrote his Latin
poetical version of the book of Job, and his tragedy of
Herod in the same language. In 1572 or 1573 he returned to
Scotland, and became minister of Paisley. In 1575 he was
appointed by the General Assembly one of the commissioners
to settle the jurisdiction and policy of the church; and the
following year he was named, with David Lindsay, to report
their proceedings to the earl of Morton, then regent. In
1576 his appointment as archbishop of St Andrews gave rise
to a protracted conflict with the Presbyterian party in the
Assembly. He had previously published a catechism in Latin
verse dedicated to the king, a work highly approved even by
his opponents, and also a Latin translation of the Scottish
Confession of Faith. In 1578 he submitted himself to the
General Assembly, which procured him peace for a little time,
but next year fresh accusations were brought against him. He
took refuge in St Andrews Castle, where ``a wise woman,'' Alison
Pearson, who was ultimately burned for witchcraft, cured him
of a serious illness. In 1583 he went as James's ambassador
to the court of Elizabeth, and is said to have behaved rather
badly. On his return he took strong parliamentary measures
against Presbyterians, and consequently, at a provincial
synod held at St Andrews in April 1586, he was accused of
heresy and excommunicated, but at the next General Assembly
the sentence was remitted as illegal. In 1587 and 1588,
however, fresh accusations were brought against him, and he
was again excommunicated, though afterwards on the inducement
of his old opponent, Andrew Melville, the sentence was again
remitted. Meanwhile he had published the Lamentations of
Jeremiah, and the book of Revelation in Latin verse, which
he dedicated to the king, complaining of his hard usage.
But James was unmoved by his application, and granted the
revenue of his see to the duke of Lennox. For the rest
of his life Adamson was supported by charity; he died in
1592. His recantation of Episcopacy (1590) is probably
spurious. Adamson was a man of many gifts, learned and
eloquent, but with grave defects of character. His collected
works, prefaced by a fulsome panegyric, in the course of which
it is said that ``he was a miracle of nature, and rather seemed
to be the immediate production of God Almighty than born of a
woman,'' were produced by his son-in-law, Thomas Wilson, in 1619.
ADAMSON, ROBERT (1852-1902), Scottish philosopher, was born
in Edinburgh on the 19th of January 1852. His father was a
solicitor, and his mother was the daughter of Matthew Buist,
factor to Lord Haddington. In 1855 Mrs Adamson was left a
widow with small means, and devoted herself entirely to the
education of her six children. Of these, Robert was successful
from the first. At the end of his school career he entered
the university of Edinburgh at the age of fourteen, and four
years later graduated with first-class honours in mental
philosophy, with prizes in every department of the faculty of
Arts. He completed his university successes by winning the
Tyndall-Bruce scholarship, the Hamilton fellowship (1872),
the Ferguson scholarship (1872) and the Shaw fellowship
(1873). After a short residence at Heidelberg (1871), where
he began his study of German philosophy, he returned to
Edinburgh as assistant first to Henry Calderwood and later to
A. Campbell Fraser; he joined the staff of the Encyclopaedia
Britannica (9th ed.) (1874) and studied widely in the Advocates'
Library. In 1876 he came to England as successor to W. S.
Jevons in the chair of logic and philosophy, at Owens College,
Manchester. In 1883 he received the honorary degree of
LL.D. In 1893 he went to Aberdeen, and finally in 1895
to the chair of logic at Glasgow, which he held till his
death on the 5th of February 1902. His wife, Margaret
Duncan, the daughter of a Manchester merchant, was a woman
of kindred tastes, and their union was entirely happy.
It is matter for regret to the student that Adamson's active
labours in the lecture room precluded him from systematic
production. His writings consisted of short articles, of which
many appeared in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) and
in Mind, a volume on Kant and another on Fichte. At the
time of his death he was writing a History of Psychology,
and had promised a work on Kant and the Modern Naturalists.
Both in his life and in his writings he was remarkable for
impartiality. It was his peculiar virtue that he could quote
his opponents without warping their meaning. From this point
