are those published by W. Reeves (1857, new edit. Edinburgh,
1874) and by J. T. Fowler (Oxford, 1894). Adamnan's other
well-known work, De Locis Sanctis (edited by P. Geyer,
Itinera Hierosolymitana saeculi, iii.-viii., &c., 1898;
vol. 39 of Bienna Corpus Script. Ecc. Latin) was based,
according to Bede, on information received from Arculf, a French
bishop, who, on his return from the Holy Land, was wrecked on
the west coast of Britain, and was entertained for a time at
Iona. This was first published at Ingolstadt in 1619 by J.
Gretser, who also defended Baronius' acceptance of Arculf's
narrative against Casaubon. An English translation by G.
J. R. Macpherson, Arculfus' Pilgrimage in the Holy Land.
was published by the Pilgrim's Text Society (London, 1889).
For full bibliography see U. Chevalier, Repert
de sources Historiques (1903), p. 40.
ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882), Scottish naturalist and
palaeontologist, the second son of Francis Adams of Banchory,
Aberdeen, was born on the 21st of March 1827, and was educated
to the medical profession. As surgeon in the Army Medical
Department from 1848 to 1873, he utilized his opportunities
for the study of natural history in India and Kashmir, in
Egypt, Malta, Gibraltar and Canada. His observations on the
fossil vertebrata of the Maltese Islands led him eventually
to give special study to fossil elephants, on which he became
an acknowledged authority. In 1872 he was elected F.R.S. In
1873 he was chosen professor of zoology in the Royal College of
Science, Dublin, and in 1878 professor of natural history in
Queen's College, Cork, a post which he held until the close
of his life. He died at Queenstown on the 29th of July 1882.
PUBLICATIONS.--Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta
(London, 1870); other works of travel; Monograph on the British
Fossil Elephants (Palaeontographical Soc.), (London, 1877-1881).
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886), American diplomatist,
son of John Quincy Adams, and grandson of John Adams, was
born in Boston on the 18th of August 1807. His father, having
been appointed minister to Russia, took him in 1809 to St
Petersburg, where he acquired a perfect familiarity with
French, learning it as his native tongue. After eight years
spent in Russia and England, he attended the Boston Latin
School for four years, and in 1825 graduated at Harvard. He
lived two years in the executive mansion, Washington, during
his father's presidential term, studying law and moving in
a society where he met Webster, Clay, Jackson and Randolph.
Returning to Boston, he devoted ten years to business and
study, and wrote for the North American Review. He also
undertook the management of his father's pecuniary affairs,
and actively supported him in his contest in the House of
Representatives for the right of petition and the anti-slavery
cause. In 1835 he wrote an effective and widely read political
pamphlet, entitled, after Edmund Burke's more famous work, An
Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs. He was a member of
the Massachusetts general court from 1840 to 1845, sitting for
three years in the House of Representatives and for two years
in the Senate; and in 1846-1848 he edited a party Journal,
the Boston Whig. In 1848 he was prominent in politics as
a ``Conscience Whig,'' presiding over the Buffalo Convention
which formed the Free Soil party and nominated Martin van
Buren for president and himself for vice-president. He was a
Republican member of the Thirty-Sixth Congress, which assembled
on the 5th of December 1859, and during the second session,
from the 3rd of December 1860 to the 4th of March 1861, he
represented Massachusetts in the Congressional Committee of
Thirty-three at the time of the secession of seven of the Southern
states. His selection by the chairman of this committee, Thomas
Corwin, to present to the full committee certain propositions
agreed upon by two-thirds of the Republican members, and
his calm and able speech of the 31st of January 1861 in the
House, served to make him conspicuous before congress and the
country. Together with William H. Seward, he stood for the
Republican policy of concession; and, while he was criticized
severely and charged with inconsistency in view of his record
as a ``Conscience Whig,'' he was of the same mind as President
Lincoln, willing to concede non-essentials, but holding rigidly
to the principle, properly understood, that there must be no
extension of slavery. He believed that as the Republicans
were the victors they ought to show a spirit of conciliation,
and that the policy of righteousness was likewise one of
expediency, since it would have for its result the holding of
the border slave states with the North until the 4th of March,
when the Republicans could take possession of the government at
Washington. With the incoming of the new administration Secretary
Seward secured for Adams the appointment of minister to Great
Britain. So much sympathy was shown in England for the South
that his path was beset with difficulties; but his mission
was to prevent the interference of Great Britain in the
struggle; and while the work of Lincoln, Seward and Sumner,
and the cause of emancipation, tended to this end, the American
minister was insistent and unyielding, and knew how to present
his case forcibly and with dignity. He laboured with energy
and discretion to prevent the sailing of the ``Alabama'';
and, when unsuccessful in this, he persistently urged upon
the British government its responsibility for the destruction
of American merchant vessels by the privateer. In his own
diary he shows that underneath his calm exterior were serious
trouble and keen anxiety; and, in fact, the strain which
he underwent during the Civil War made itself felt in later
years. Adams was instrumental in getting Lord John Russell to
stop the ``Alexandra,'' and it was his industry and pertinacity
in argument and remonstrance that induced Russell to order
the detention in September 1863 of the two ironclad rams
intended for the Confederate States. Adams remained in England
until May 1868. His last important work was as a member, in
1871--1872, of the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva which
disposed of the ``Alabama'' claims. His knowledge of the
subject and his fairness of mind enabled him to render his
country and the cause of international arbitration valuable
service. He died at Boston on the 21st of November 1886.
He edited the works of John Adams (10 vols.. 1850-1856), and
the Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (12 vols., 1874-1877). See the
excellent biography (Boston, 1900), in the ``American Statesmen
Series,'' by his son, Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (J. F. R.)
ADAMS, HENRY (1838-- ), American historian, son of Charles
Francis Adams and grandson of John Quincy Adams, was born
in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 16th of February 1838.
He graduated at Harvard in 1858, and from 1861 to 1868 was
private secretary to his father. From 1870 to 1877 he was
assistant professor of history at Harvard and from 1870 to 1876
was editor of the North American Review. He is considered
to have been the first (in 1874-1876) to conduct historical
seminary work in the United States. His great work is his
History of the United States (1801 to 1817) (9 vols.,
1889--1891), which is incomparably the best work yet published
dealing with the administrations of Presidents Jefferson and
Madison. It is particularly notable for its account of the
diplomatic relations of the United States during this period,
and for its essential impartiality. Adams also published:
Life of Albert Gallatin (1879), John Randolph (1882)
in the ``American Statesmen Series,'' and Historical Essays
(1891); besides editing Documents Relating to New England
Federalism (1877), and the Writings of Albert Gallatin
(3 volumes, 1879). In collaboration with his elder brother
Charles Francis Adams, Jr., he published Chapters of Erie
and Other Essays (1871), and, with H. C. Lodge, Ernest
Young and J. L. Laughlin, Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (1876).
His elder brother, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1833-1894), a graduate
of Harvard (1853), practised law, and was a Democratic
member for several terms of the Massachusetts general
court. In 1872 he was nominated for vice-president by the
Democratic faction that refused to support Horace Greeley.
Another brother, CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, Jr. (1835- ), born
in Boston on the 27th of May 1835, graduated at Harvard in
1856, and served on the Union side in the Civil War, receiving
in 1865 the brevet of brigadier-general in the regular
army. He was president of the Union Pacific railroad from
1884 to 1890, having previously become widely known as an
authority on the management of railways. In 1900-1901 he
was president of the American Historical Association. Among
his writings are: Railroads, Their Origin and Problems
(1878); Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (1892);
a biography of his father, Charles Francis Adams (1900);
Lee at Appomattox and Other Papers (1902); Theodore
Lyman and Robert Charles Winthrop, Jr., Two Memoirs
(1906); and Three Phi Beta Kappa Addresses (1907).
Another brother, BROOKS ADAMS (1848-- ), born in Quincy,
Massachusetts, on the 24th of June 1848, graduated at
Harvard in 1870, and until 1881 practised law. His writings
include: The Emancipation of Massachusetts (1887);
The Law of Civilization and Decay (1895); America's
Economic Supremacy (1900); and The New Empire (1902).
ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852-- ), American economist,
was born at Davenport, Iowa, on the 31st of December
1852. He was educated at Iowa College and Johns Hopkins
University, of which latter he was fellow and lecturer
(1880--1882). He was afterwards a lecturer in Cornell
University, and in 1887 became professor of political economy
and finance in the university of Michigan. He also became
statistician to the Interstate Commerce Committee and was
in charge of the transportation department in the 1900
census. His principal works are The State in Relation to
Industrial Action (1887); Taxation in the United States,
1787 to 1816 (1884); Public Debts (1887); The Science
of Finance (1888); Economics and Jurisprudence (1897).
ADAMS, HERBERT (1858- ), American sculptor, was born at West
Concord, Vermont, on the 28th of January 1858. He was educated
at the Worcester (Massachusetts) Institute of Technology,
and at the Massachusetts Normal Art School, and in 1885-1890
he was a pupil of Antonin Mercie in Paris. In 1890-1898
he was an instructor in the art school of Pratt Institute,
Brooklyn, New York. In 1906 he was elected vice-president
of the National Academy of Design, New York. He experimented
successfully with some polychrome busts and tinted marbles,
notably in the ``Rabbi's Daughter'' and a portrait of Miss
Julia Marlowe, the actress; and he is at his best in his
portrait busts of women, the best example being the study,
completed in 1887, of Miss A. V. Pond, whom he afterwards
married. Among his other productions are a fountain for
Fitchburg, Massachusetts (1888); a number of works for the
Congressional Library, Washington, including the bronze doors
(``Writing'') begun by Olin Warner, and the statue of Professor
Joseph Henry; memorial tablets for the Boston State House; a
memorial to Jonathan Edwards, at Northampton, Mass.; statues
of Richard Smith, the type-founder, in Philadelphia, and of
William Ellery Channing, in Boston (1902); and the Vanderbilt
memorial bronze doors for St Bartholomew's Church, New York.
ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850-1901), American historian and
