fourteen and was subsequently educated at Woolwich. He became
captain in 1799, and served with the Coldstream Guards in Egypt
(1801). In 1805, having purchased the intermediate steps of
promotion, he obtained command of the 21st Foot, with which
regiment he served in the Mediterranean from 1805 to 1813, taking
part in the battle of Maida in 1806. In 1813 he accompanied
the British corps sent to Catalonia, in which he commanded a
brigade. He fought a gallant action at Biar (April 12,
1813), and on the following day won further distinction at
Castalla. In the action of Ordal, on the 12th of September,
Adam received two severe wounds. He returned to England
to recover, and was made a major-general in 1814. At
Waterloo, Adam's brigade, of which the 52nd under Colborne
(see SEATON, LORD) formed part, shared with the Guards
the honour of repulsing the Old Guard. For his services he
was made a K.C.B., and received also Austrian and Russian
orders. During the long peace which followed, Sir Frederick
Adam was successively employed at Malta, in the Ionian
Islands as lord high commissioner (1824-1831) and from 1832
to 1837 as governor of Madras. He became K.C.M.G. in 1820,
G.C.M.G. four years later, lieutenant-general in 1830, a
privy councillor in 1831, G.C.B. in 1840, and full general
in 1846. He died suddenly on the 17th of August 1853.
ADAM, JULIETTE (1836-- ), Freneh writer, known also by her
maiden name of Juliette Lamber, was born at Verberie (Oise)
on the 4th of October 1836. She has given an account of
her childhood, rendered unhappy by the dissensions of her
parents, in Le roman de mon enfance et de ma jeunesse (Eng.
trans., London and New York, 1902). In 1852 she married a
doctor named La Messine, and published in 1858 her Idees
antiproudhoniennes sur l'amour, la femme et le mariage,
in defence of Daniel Stern (Mme. d'Agoult) and George
Sand. On her husband's death she married in 1868 Antoine
Edmond Adam (1816--1877), prefect of police in 1870, and
subsequently life-senator; and she established a salon which
was frequented by Gambetta and the other republican leaders
against the conservative reaction of the 'seventies. In the
same interest she founded in 1879 the Nouvelle Revue, which
she edited for the first eight years, and in the administration
of which she retained a preponderating influence until
1899. She wrote the notes on foreign politics, and was
unremitting in her attacks on Bismarck and in her advocacy
of a policy of revanche. Mme. Adam was also generally
credited with the authorship of papers on various European
capitals signed ``Paul Vasili,'' which were in reality the
work of various writers. The most famous of her numerous
novels is Paienne (1883). Her reminiscences, Mes
premieres armes litteraires et politiques (1904) and Mes
sentiments et nos idees avant 1870 (1905), contain much
interesting gossip about her distinguished contemporaries.
ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759), French sculptor, known
as Adam l'aine, was born in Nancy, son of Jacob Sigisbert
Adam, a sculptor of little repute. Adam was thirty-seven
when, on his election to the Academy, he exhibited at the Salon
the model of the group of ``Neptune and Amphitrite'' for the
centre of the fountain at Versailles, and thereafter found
much employment in the decoration of the royal residences.
Among his more important works are ``Nymphs and Tritons,''
``The Triumph of Neptune stilling the Waves,'' ``Hunter with
Lion in his Net,'' a relief for the chapel of St Adelaide,
``The Seine and the Marne'' in stone for St Cloud, ``Hunting''
and ``Fishing,'' marble groups for Berlin, ``Mars embraced
by Love'' and ``The enthusiasm of Poetry.'' Adam restored
with much ability the twelve statues (Lycomedes) found in the
so-called Villa of Marius at Rome, and was elected a member
of the Academy of St Luke. Several of his most important
works were executed for Frederick the Great in Prussia.
His brother, also a sculptor, NICOLAS SEBASTIEN ADAM
(1705-1778), known as Adam le jeune, born in Nancy, worked
under equal encouragement. His first work of importance was
his ``Prometheus chained, devoured by a Vulture,', executed in
plaster in 1738, and carved in marble in 1763 as his ``reception
piece'' when he was elected into the Academy. He produced
the reliefs of the ``Birth'' and ``Agony of Christ'' for the
Oratory in Paris, but his chief works are the ``Mausoleum of
Cardinal de Fleury'' and, in particular, the tomb of Catherine
Opalinska, queen of Poland (wife of King Stanislaus), at Nancy.
A third brother, FRANCOIS GASPARD BALTHASAR ADAM (1710-1761),
born in Nancy, became the first sculptor of Frederick the Great
and the head of the atelier of sculpture founded by that monarch,
and passed the greater part of his life in Berlin. His chief
works adorn the gardens and palaces of Sans Souci and Potsdam.
The work of the brothers Adam was too ornate in style to win
the approval of the school that immediately followed them,
and found its principal opponents in Bouchardon and Pigalle.
See Dussieux, Artistes francais a l'etranger (Paris, 1855,
8vo); Archives de l'art francais, documents, vol. i. pp.
117-180, chiefly for; works executed for the king of Prussia;
Mariette, Abecedario; Emile de la Chavignerie and Auvray,
Dictionnaire general des artistes de l'ecole francaise
(Paris, 1882), mainly for works executed; Lady Dilke, French
Architects and Sculptors of the 18th century (London, 4to, 1900).
ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622), German divine and biographer, was
born at Grotkau in Silesia after 1550, and educated in the
college of Brieg, where he became a Protestant. In 1598 he went
to Heidelberg, where he held various scholastic appointments.
He wrote the biographies of a number of German scholars of
the 16th century, mostly theologians, which were published in
Heidelberg and Frankfort (5 vols., 1615--1620). He dealt with
only twenty divines of other countries. All his divines are
Protestants. His industry as a biographer is commended by P.
Bayle, who acknowledges his obligations to Adam's labours; and
his biographies, though they have faults, are still useful.
ADAM, PAUL (1862- ), French novelist, was born in Paris on
the 7th of December 1862. He was prosecuted for his first
novel, Chair molle (1885), but was acquitted. He collaborated
with Jean Moreas in Le the chez Miranda (1886), and with
Moreas and Gustave Kahn he founded the Symboliste, coming
forward as one of the earliest defenders of symbolism. Among
his numerous novels should be noted Le mystere des foules
(2 vols., 1895), a study in Boulangism, Lettres de Malaisie
(1897), a fantastic romance of imaginary future politics.
In 1899 he began a novel-sequence, giving the history of the
Napoleonic campaigns, the restoration and the government of Louis
Philippe, comprising La force (1899), L'enfant d'Austerlitz
(1901), La ruse (1902), and Au soleil de Juillet (1903).
In 1900 he wrote a Byzantine romance, Basile et Sophia.
ADAM, ROBERT (1728--1792), British architect, the second
son of William Adam of Maryburgh, in Fife, and the most
celebrated of four brothers, John, Robert, James and William
Adam, was born at Kirkcaldy in 1728. For few famous men
have we so little biographical material, and contemporary
references to him are sparse. He certainly studied at the
university of Edinburgh, and probably received his first
instruction in architecture from his father, who gave proofs of
his own skill and taste in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (now
demolished). His mother was the aunt of Dr W. Robertson,
the first English historian of Charles V., and in 1750 we
find Robert Adam living with her in Edinburgh, and making one
of the brilliant literary coterie which adorned it at that
period. Somewhere between 1750 and 1754 he visited Italy,
where he spent three years studying the remains of Roman
architecture. There he was struck with the circumstance
that practically nothing bad survived of the Greek and Roman
masterpieces except public buildings, and; that the private
palaces, which Vitruvius and Pliny esteemed so highly, had
practically vanished. One example of such work. however,
was extant in the ruins of Diocletian's palace at Spalato in
Dalmatia, and this he visited in July 1757, taking with him
the famous French architect and antiquary, C. L. Clerisseau,
and two experienced draughtsmen, with whose assistance,
after being arrested as a spy, he managed in five weeks to
accumulate a sufficient number of measurements and careful
plans and surveys to produce a restoration of the entire
building in a fine work which he published in 1764, The
Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian, &c. Considering the
shortness of the time occupied and the obstacles placed in
his way by the Venetian governor and the population of the
place, the result was amazing. The influence of these studies
was apparent directly and indirectly in much of his subsequent
work, which, indeed, was in great measure founded upon them.
After his return to England he seems to have come rapidly to
the front, and in 1762 he was appointed sole architect to the
king and the Board of Works. Six years later he resigned this
office, in which he was succeeded by his brother James,---who
however, held the office jointly with another,---and entered
parliament as member for the county of Kinross. In 1768 he
and his three brothers leased the ground fronting the Thames,
upon which the Adelphi now stands, for L. 1200 on a ninety-nine
years' lease, and having obtained, with the assistance of
Lord Bute, the needful act of parliament, proceeded, in the
teeth of public opposition, to erect the ambitious block of
buildings which is imperishably associated with their name,
indicating its joint origin by the title Adelphi, from the
Greek adelfoi, the Brothers. The site presented attractive
possibilities. A steep hill led down Buckingham Street to
the river-side, and the plan was to raise against it, upon
a terrace formed of massive arches and vaults and facing
the river, a dignified quarter of fine streets and stately
buildings, suggestive of the Spalato ruins. In spite of many
difficulties, pecuniary and otherwise (the undertaking was
completed from the proceeds of a lottery), money was raised
and the work pushed on; in five years the Adelphi terrace stood
complete, and the fine houses were eagerly sought after by
artists and men of letters. Splendid, however, as the terrace
and its houses are, both in conception and execution, the
underground work which upholds them is perhaps more remarkable
still. The vast series of arched vaults has been described
by a modern writer as a very town, which, during the years
that they were open, formed subterranean streets leading to
the river and its wharves. In many places the arches stand
in double tiers. In time these ``streets'' obtained a bad
name as the haunt of suspicious characters, and they have
long been enclosed and let as cellars. Between 1773 and 1778
the brothers issued a fine series of folio engravings and
descriptions of the designs for many of their most important
works, which included several great public buildings and
numberless large private houses; a fine volume was published in
1822. For the remaining years of Robert's life the practice
of the firm was the most extensive in the country; his position
was unquestioned, and when he died in 1792 he was laid to
rest in Westminster Abbey almost as a matter of course.
The art of Robert Adam was extraordinarily many-sided and
prolific, and it is difficult to give a condensed appreciation of
