the believers, who saw in it only another manifestation
of Pigott's divinity, and proclaimed it as ``an earnest of
the total redemption of man.'' The child was registered as
``Glory,'' and, at the christening service in the chapel
of the Abode, hymns were sung in its honour as it lay in
a jewelled cradle in the chancel. Another child by Miss
Preece, christened ``Power,'' was born on the 20th of August
1908. The publicity given to this event renewed the
scandal, and in November an attempt to ``tar and feather''
Mr Pigott resulted in two men being sent to prison. Later
in the month proceedings were instituted against him by the
bishop of Bath and Wells under the Clergy Discipline Act.
One outcome of the disclosures connected with the Agapemone
deserves passing mention, as throwing some light on the
origin of the wealth of the community. Mr Charles Stokes
Read, a resident at the Agapemone and director of the V.
V. Bread Company, was requested by his fellow-directors to
resign, on the ground that his connexion with the sect
was damaging the business of the company. He denied this
to be the case and refused to resign, pleading religious
liberty and the large interests of Agapemonites in the
concern. On the 13th of September 1905, a meeting of the
shareholders of the company was held, and Read ``asked them
to believe that it was not in the interests of the company,
but because he knew that the Lord Jesus Christ had come
again and was now dwelling at the Agapemone, that he was
thus cast out by his colleagues.'' The motion calling on
him to resign was carried on a poll being taken by 46,770
votes to 2953. (See The Times, 14th of September 1905.)
AGAPETAE, a class of ``virgins'' who, in the church of
the early middle ages, lived with professedly celibate monks
to whom they were said to be united by spiritual love.
The practice was suppressed by the Lateran Council of 1139.
AGAPETUS, the name of two popes:--
AGAPETUS I., pope from 535 to 536. He was an enlightened
pontiff and collaborated with Cassiodorus in founding at
Rome a library of ecclesiastical authors. King Theodahad
sent him on an embassy to Constantinople, where he
died, after having deposed Anthimus, the monophysite
bishop of that town, and ordained Menas his successor.
AGAPETUS II., pope from 946 to 955, at the time when Alberic,
son of Marozia, was governing the independent republic of
Rome under the title of ``prince and senator of the Romans.''
Agapetus, a man of some force of character, did his best
to put a stop to the degradation into which the papacy had
fallen, the so-called ``Pornocracy,'' which lasted from
the accession of Sergius III. in 904 to the deposition of
John XII. in 963. His appeal to Otto the Great to intervene
in Rome remained without immediate effect, since Alberic's
position was too strong to be attacked, but it bore fruit
after his death. Agapetus died on the 8th of November 955.
AGAPETUS, a deacon of the church of St Sophia at
Constantinople. He presented to the emperor Justinian, on his
accession in 527, a work entitled Scheda regia sive de officio
regis, which contained advice on the duties of a Christian
prince. The work was often reprinted and is included in Dom
Anselme Banduri's Imperium Orientale (Paris, 1711). There
is an English translation by Thomas Paynell (1550) and a French
translation, executed in 1612 from a Latin version by Louis
XIII., with the assistance of his tutor, David Rivault.
AGARDE, ARTHUR (1540-1615), English antiquary, was born at
Foston, Derbyshire, in 1540. He was trained as a lawyer,
but entered the exchequer as a clerk. On the authority of
Anthony a Wood it has been stated that he was appointed
by Sir Nicholas Throckmorton to be deputy-chamberlain in
1570, and that he held this office for forty-five years. His
patent of appointment, however, preserved in the Rolls Office,
proves that he succeeded one Thomas Reve in the post on the
11th of July 1603. With his friends, Sir Robert Cotton and
Camden, he was one of the original members of the Society of
Antiquaries. He spent much labour in cataloguing the records
and state papers, and made a special study of the Domesday
Book, preparing an explanation of its more obscure terms.
Thomas Hearne, in his Collection of Curious Discourses
written by Eminent Antiquaries (Oxford, 1720), includes
six by Agarde on such subjects as the origin of parliament,
the antiquity of shires, the authority and privileges of
heralds, &c. Agarde died on the 22nd of August 1615 and was
buried in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, on his tomb
being inscribed ``Recordorum regiorum hic prope depositorum
diligens scrutator.'' He bequeathed to the exchequer all
his papers relating to that court, and to his friend Sir
Robert Cotton his other manuscripts, amounting to twenty
volumes, most of which are now in the British Museum.
AGAS, RADULPH, or RALPH (c. 1540-1621), English land
surveyor, was born at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, about
1540, and entered upon the practice of his profession in
1566. Letters which he wrote to Lord Burghley, describing the
methods of surveying, are extant, and a kind of advertising
prospectus of his abilities, in which he describes himself as
clever at arithmetic and ``skilled in writing smaule, after
the skantelinge & proportion of copiynge the Oulde & New
Testamentes seven tymes in one skinne of partchmente without
anie woorde abreviate or contracted, which maie also serve
for drawinge discriptions of contries into volumes portable in
verie little cases.'' He is best known for his maps of Oxford
(1578), Cambridge (1592) and London. Copies of the first two
are preserved in the Bodleian Library. Of the map of London
and Westminster, which was probably prepared about 1591, two
copies have been preserved, one by the Corporation of London
and the other in the Pepysian collection at Magdalene College,
Cambridge. The map is over six feet long, printed from
wooden blocks, and gives a valuable picture of the London of
Elizabeth's time. Agas died on the 26th of November 1621.
AGASIAS. There were two Greek sculptors of this name.
Agasias, son of Dositheus, has signed the remarkable statue
called the Borghese Warrior, in the Louvre. Agasias, son
of Menophilus, is the author of another striking figure
of a warrior in the museum of Athens. Both belonged to
the school of Ephesus and flourished about 100 B.C.
See E. A. Gardner, Handbook Greek Sculpture, ii. p. 475.
AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER EMANUEL (1835-1910), American man of
science, son of J. L. R. Agassiz, was born in Neuchatel,
Switzerland, on the 17th of December 1835. He came to the
United States with his father in 1846; graduated at Harvard
in 1855, subsequently studying engineering and chemistry,
and taking the degree of bachelor of science at the Lawrence
scientific school of the same institution in 1857; and in
1859 became an assistant in the United States Coast Survey.
Thenceforward he became a specialist in marine ichthyology,
but devoted much time to the investigation, superintendence
and exploitation of mines, being superintendent of the Calumet
and Hecla copper mines, Lake Superior, from 1866 to 1869, and
afterwards, as a stockholder, acquiring a fortune, out of
which he gave to Harvard, for the museum of comparative zoology
and other purposes, some $500,000. In 1875 he surveyed Lake
Titicaca, Peru, examined the copper mines of Peru and Chile,
and made a collection of Peruvian antiquities for that museum,
of which he was curator from 1874 to 1885. He assisted Sir
Wyville Thomson in the examination and classification of the
collections of the ``Challenger'' exploring expedition, and
wrote the Review of the Echini (2 vols., 1872-1874) in the
reports. Between 1877 and 1880 he took part in the three
dredging expeditions of the steamer ``Blake,'' of the United
States Coast Survey, and presented a full account of them
in two volumes (1888). Of his other writings on marine
zoology, most are contained in the bulletins and memoirs of
the museum of comparative zoology; but he published in 1865
(with Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, his step-mother) Seaside Studies
in Natural History, a work at once exact and stimulating,
and in 1871 Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay.
AGASSIZ, JEAN LOUIS RODOLPHE (1807-1873), Swiss naturalist
and geologist, was the son of the Protestant pastor of the
parish of Motier, on the north-eastern shore of the Lake of
Morat (Murten See), and not far from the eastern extremity
of the Lake of Neuchatel. Agassiz was born at this retired
place on the 28th of May 1807. Educated first at home, then
spending four years at the gymnasium of Bienne, he completed
his elementary studies at the academy of Lausanne. Having
adopted medicine as his profession, he studied successively
at the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg and Munich; and
he availed himself of the advantages afforded by these
universities for extending his knowledge of natural history,
especially of botany. After completing his academical
course, he took in 1829 his degree of doctor of philosophy at
Erlangen, and in 1830 that of doctor of medicine at Munich.
Up to this time he had paid no special attention to the study of
ichthyology, which soon afterwards became the great occupation
of his life. Agassiz always declared that he was led into
ichthyological pursuits through the following circumstances:--
In 1819-1820, J. B. Spix and C. F. P. von Martius were engaged
in their celebrated Brazilian tour, and on their return to
Europe, amongst other collections of natural objects they
brought home an important set of the freshwater fishes of
Brazil, and especially of the Amazon river. Spix, who died
in 1826, did not live long enough to work out the history
of these fishes; and Agassiz though little more than a youth
just liberated from his academic studies, was selected by
Prof. Martius for this purpose. He at once threw himself into
the work with that earnestness of spirit which characterized
him to the end of his busy life, and the task of describing and
figuring the Brazilian fishes was completed and published in
1829. This was followed by an elaborate research into the
history of the fishes found in the Lake of Neuchatel.
Enlarging his plans, he issued in 1830 a prospectus of a
History of the Freshwater Fishes of Central Europe. It was
only in 1839, however, that the first part of this publication
appeared, and it was completed in 1842. In 1832 he was
appointed professor of natural history in the university of
Neuchatel. Having become a professed ichthyologist, it was
impossible that the fossil fishes should fail to attract his
attention. The rich stores furnished by the slates of Glarus
and the limestones of Monte Bolca were already well known;
but very little had been accomplished in the way of scientific
study of them. Agassiz, as early as 1829, with his wonted
enthusiasm, planned the publication of the work which, more
than any other, laid the foundation of his world-wide fame.
Five volumes of his Recherches sur les poissons fossiles
appeared at intervals from 1833 to 1843 [1844]. They were
magnificently illustrated, chiefly through the labours of Joseph
Dinkel, an artist of remarkable power in delineating natural
objects. In gathering materials for this great work Agassiz
visited the principal museums in Europe, and meeting Cuvier in
Paris, he received much encouragement and assistance from him.
Agassiz found that his palaeontological labours rendered
necessary a new basis of ichthyological classification. The
fossils rarely exhibited any traces of the soft tissues of
