(1852); E. Reclus, Nouvelle geographie universelle, vols.
x.-xiii. (1885-1888); A. H. Keane, Africa (in Stanford's
Compendium), 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1904-1907); F. Hahn and W.
Sievers, Afrika, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig, 1901); M. Fallex and A.
Mairey, L'Afrique au debut du XXe siecle (Paris, 1906);
Sir C. P. Lucas, Historical Geography of the British Colonies,
vols. iii. and iv. (Oxford, 1894, 1904); F. D. and A. J.
Herbertson, Descriptive Geographies from Original Sources:
Africa (1902); British Africa (The British Empire Series,
vol. ii., 1899); Journal of the African Society; Comite
de l'Afrique francaise, Bulletin, Paris; Mutteilungen der
afrikan. Gesellschaft in Deutschland (Berlin, 1879-1889);
Mitteilungen . . . aus den deutschen Schutzegebieten
(Berlin); H. Schirmer, Le Sahara (Paris, 1893); Mary H.
Kingsley, West African Studies, 2nd ed. (1901); J. Bryce,
Impressions of South Africa (1897); Sir Harry Johnston, The
Uganda Protectorate, 2 vols. (1902) (vol ii. is devoted to
anthropology); E. D. Morel, Affairs of West Africa (1902).
sec. II. Geography (Physical), Geology, Climate, Flora and
Fauna. -- (For Descriptive Geogr. see sec. I.)--G. Gurich,
``Uberblick uber den geolog. Bau des afr. Kontinents,''
Peterm. Mitt., 1887; A. Knox, Notes on the Geology of the
Continent of Africa (1906) (includes a bibliography); L. von
Hohnel, A. Rosiwal, F. Toula and E. Suess, B eitrage zur
geologischen Kenntniss des omstlichcn Afrika (Vienna, 1891);
E. Stromer, Die Geologie der deutschen Schutzgebieten
in Afrika (Munich, 1896); J. Chavanne, Afrika im Lichte
uniserer Tage: Bodengestalt, &c. (Vienna, 1881); F.
Heidrich, ``Die mittlere Hohe Afrikas,'' Peterm. Mitt.,
1888; J. W. Gregory, The Great Rift-Valley (1896); H. G.
Lyons, The Physiography of the River Nile and its Basin
(Cairo, 1906); S. Passarage, Die Kalahari: Versuch einer
physischgeogr. Darstellung . . . des sudafr. Beckens (Berlin,
1904); Idem, ``Inselberglandschaften im tropischen Afrika,''
Naturw. Wochenschrift, 1904. 654-665; J. E. S. Moore, The
Tanganyika, Problem (1903); W. H. Hudleston, ``On the Origin
of the Marine (Halolimnic) Fauna of Lake Tanganyika,'' Journ. of
Trans. Victoria Inst., 1904, 300-351 (discusses the whole
question of the geological history of equatorial Africa); E.
Stromer, ``Ist der Tanganyika ein Rellikten-See?'' Peterm.
Mitt., 1901, 275-278; E. Kohlschutter, ``Die . . . Arbeiten
der Pendelexpedition . . . in Deutsch-Ost-Afrika,'' Verh.
Deuts. Geographentages Breslau, 1901, 133-153; J. Cornet,
``La geologie du bassin du Congo,'' Bull. Soc. Beige
geol., 1898; E. G. Ravenstein, ``The Climatology of Africa''
(ten reports), Reports Brit. Association, 1892-1901; Idem,
``Climatological Observations . . . I. Tropical Africa''
(1904); H. G. Lyons, ``On the Relations between Variations of
Atmospheric Pressure . . . and the Nile Flood,'' Proc. Roy.
Soc., Ser. A, vol. lxxvi., 1905; P. Reichard, ``Zur Frage
der Austrocknung Afrikas,'' Geogr. Zeitschrift, 1895; J.
Hoffmann, ``Die tiefsten Temperaturen auf den Hochlandern,''
&c., Peterm. Mitt., 1905; G. Fraunberger, ``Studien uber die
jahrlichen Niederschlagsmengen des afrik. Kontinents,''
Peterm. Mitt., 1906; D. Oliver and Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer,
Flora of) Tropical Africa, 10 vols. (1888-1906); K.
Oschatz, Anordnung der Vegetation in Afrika (Erlangen,
1900); A. Engler, Hochgebirgs-flora des tropischen Afrika
(Berlin, 1892); Idem, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostaftikras und der
Nachbargebiete, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1895); Idem, Beitrage zur
Flora von Afrika (Engler's Botan. Jahrbucher, 14 vols.
&c.); W. P. Hiern, Catalogue of the African Plants Collected by
Dr Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-1861, 2 vols. (1896-1901); R.
Schlechter, Westafrikanische Kautschuk-Expedition (Berlin,
1903); H. Baum, Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903)
(largely concerned with botany); W. L. Sclater, ``Geography of
Mammals, No. iv. The Ethiopian Region,'' Geog. Journal,
March 1896; H. A. Bryden and others, Great and Small Game
of Africa (1899); F. C. Selous, African Nature Notes and
Reminiscences (1908); E. N. Buxton, Two African Trips:
with Notes and Suggestions on Big-Game Preservation in
Africa (1902) (contains photographs of living animals); G.
Schillings, With Flash-light and Rifle in Equatorial East
Africa (1906); Idem, In Wildest Africa (1907) (striking
collection of photographs of living wild animals); Exploration
scientifique de l'Algerie: Histoire naturelle, 14 vols.
and 4 atlases, Paris (1846-1850); Annales du Musee du
Congo: Botanique, Zoologie (Brussels, 1898, &c.). The
latest results of geographical research and a bibliography
of current literature are given in the Geographical
Journal, published monthly by the Royal Geographical Society.
sec. III. Ethnology.--H. Hartmann, Die Volker Afrikas
(Leipzig, 1879); B. Ankermann, ``Kulturkreise in Afrika,'' Zeit.
f. Eth. vol. xxxvii. p. 34; Idem, ``Uber den gegenwartigen
Stand der Ethnographie der Sudhalfte Afrikas,'' Arch.
f. Anth. n.f. iv. p. 24;G.Sergi, Antropologia della
stirpe camitica (Turin, 1897); J. Deniker, ``Distribution
geogr. et caracteres physiques des Pygmees africains,''
La Geographie, Paris, vol. viii. pp. 213-220; G. W.
Stow and G. M. Theal, The Native Races of South Africa
(1905); K. Barthel, Volkerbewegungen auf der Sudhalfte des
afrik. Kontinents (Leipzig, 1893); A. B. Ellis, The
Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast (1887); Idem, The
Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1890); Idem, The
Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1894); H. Ling
Roth, Great Benin, its Customs, &c. (Halifax, 1903); H.
Frobenius, Die Heiden-Neger des agyptischen Sudan
(Berlin, 1893); Herbert Spencer and D. Duncan, Descriptive
Sociology, vol. iv. African Races (1875); A. de Preville,
Les Societes africaines (Paris, 1894); D. Macdonald,
Africana or, the Heart of Heathen Africa, 2 vols. (1882);
L. Frobenius, Der Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen
(Der Ursprung der Kultur, Band i.) (Berlin, 1898); Idem,
``Die Masken und Geheimbunde Afrikas,'' Abhandl. Kaiserl.
Leopoldin.-Carolin. Deuts. Akad. Naturforscher, 1899,
1-278; G. Schweinfurth, Artes africanae Illustrations and
Descriptions of . . . industrial Arts, &c. (in German and
English) (Leipzig, 1875); F. Ratzel, Die afsikanischen Bogen
. . . eine anthrop. geographische Studie (Leipzig, 1891); K.
Weule, . Der afrikanische Pfeil (Leipzig, 1899); H. Frobenius,
Afrikanische Bautypen (Dauchau bei Munchen, 1894); H.
Schurtz, Die afrikan. Gewerbe (Leipzig, 1900); E. W.
Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1887);
James Stewart, Dawn in the Dark Continent, or Africa and
its Missions (Edinburgh and London, 1903); W. H. J. Bleek,
Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, 2 parts
(1862-1869); Idem, Vocabularies of the Districts of Lourenzo
Marques, &c., &c. (1900); R. N. Cust, Sketch of the
Modern Languages of Africa, 2 vols. (1993): F. W. Kolbe, A
Language Study based on Bantu (1888); J. T. Last, Polyglotta
Africana orientalis (1885); J. Torrend, Comparative Grammar
of the South African Bantu Languages (1891); S. W. Koelle,
Polyglotta Africana (1854); C. Velten, Schilderungen
der Suaheli von Expeditionen v. Wissmanns, &c., &c. (1900)
(narratives taken down from the mouths of natives); A. Vierkandt,
Volksgedichte im westlichen Central-Afrika (Leipzig, 1895).
For latest information the following periodicals should be
consulted:-- Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland; Man (same publishers); Zeitschrift
f. Ethnologie; Archiv f. Anthropologie; L'Anthropologie.
sec. IV. Archaeology and Art.-- Publications of the Egyptian
Exploration Fund; A. Mariette-Bey, The Monuments of Upper
Egypt (1890); H. Brugsch, Die Agyptologie (Leipzig, 1891);
G. Maspero, L' Archeologie egyptienne (Paris, 1890?);
R. Lepsius, Denkmaler aus Agypten und Athiopien . .
., 6 vols. (Berlin, 1849-1859); G. A. Hoskins, Travels in
Ethiopia . . . illustrating the Antiquities of the Ancient
Kingdom of Meroe (1835); Records of the Past: being English
Translations of . . . Egyptian Monuments, vols. 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 12 (1873-1881); Ditto, new series, 6 vols. (1890-1892);
D. Randall-MacIver and A. Wilkin, Libyan Notes (1901)
(archaeology and ethnology of North Africa); G. Boissier,
L'Afrique romaine Promenades archeologiques en Algerie
et en Tunisie, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1901); H. Randall-MacIver,
Mediaeval Rhodesia (1906); Prisse d'Avennes, Histoire de
l'art egyptien d'apres les monuments, &c. with atlas (Paris,
1879; G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, History of Art in Ancient
Egypt, 2 vols. (1993); H. Wallis, Egyptian Ceramic Art
(1900); C. H. Read and O. M. Dalton, Antiquities from the
City of Benin and from other parts of West Africa (1899).
sec. V. Travel and Exploration.--Dean W. Vincent, The Commerce
and Navigation of the Ancients, vol. 2, The Periplus ofthe
Erythraean Sea (1807); G. E. de Azurara, Chronicle of the
Discovery and Conquest of Guinea (Eng. trans., 2 vols.,
1896, 1899); R. H. Major, Life of Prince Henry the Navigator
(1868); E. G. Ravenstein, ``The Voyages of Diogo Cao and
Barth. Diaz,'' Geogr. Journ., Dec. 1900; O. Hartig,
``Altere Entdeckungsgeschichte und Kartographie Afrikas,''
Mitt. Geogr. Gesells. Wien, 1905; J. Leyden and H.
Murray, Historical Account of Discoveries, &c., 2 vols.,
2nd ed. (1818); T. E. Bowditch, Account of the Discoveries
of the Portuguese in the Interior of Angola and Mozambique
(1824); P. Paulitschke, Die geogr. Forschung des afrikan.
Continents (Vienna, 1880); A. Supan, ``Ein Jahrhundert der
Afrika-Forschung,'' Peterm. Mitt., 1888; R. Brown, The
Story of Africa and its Explorers, 4 vols. (1892-1895);
Sir Harry Johnston, The Nile Quest (1903); James Bruce,
Travels to discover the Source of the Nile in 1768-1773, 5
vols., Edinburgh (1790); Proceedings of the Association
for . . . Discovery of!the Interior Parts of Africa,
1790-1810; Mungo Park, Travels into the Interior Districts
of Africa (1799); Idem, Journal of a Mission, &c. (1815);
Capt. J. K. Tuckey, Narrative of an Expedition to explore
the River Zaire or Congo in 1816 (1818): D. Denham and H.
Clapperton, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in N. and
Cent. Africa (1826); R. Caillie, Journal d'un voyage
a Temboctu et a Jenne, 3 vols., Paris (1830); D. Livingstone,
Missionary Travels . . . in South Africa (1857); The Last
Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, ed. H.
Waller (1874); H. Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North
and Central Africa, 5 vols. (1857); J. L. Krapf, Travels,
Researches, &c., in Eastern Africa (1860); Sir R. F. Burton,
The Lake Regions of Central Africa, 2 vols. (1860); J. H.
Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
(1863).: Sir S. W. Baker, The Albert Nyanza, 2 vols. (1866);
G. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, 2 vols. (1873); V. L.
Cameron, Across Africa, 2 vols. (1877); T. Baines, The
Gold Regions of South-Eastern Africa (1877); Sir H. M.
Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols. (1878);
Idem, In Darkest Africa, 2 vols. (1890); G. Nachtigal,
Sahara und Sudan, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1879-1889); P. S. de
Brazza, Les Voyages de . . . (1875-1882), Paris, 1884;
i. Thomson, Through Masai Land (1885); H. von Wissmann,
Unter Deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika, &c. (Berlin,
1889); Idem, My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa
(1891); W. Junker, Travels in Africa 1875-1886, 3 vols.
(1890-1892); L. G. Binger, Du Niger au Golfe de Guinee, &c.
(Paris, 1892); O. Baumann, Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle
(Berlin, 1894); R. Kandt, Caput Nili (Berlin, 1904); C. A. von
Gotzen, Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (Berlin, 1896); L.
