of Castile and Aragon, in which capacity he acted till his
departure from Tarragona for Rome on the 4th of August 1522: he
was, however, too weak and confiding to cope with abuses which
Jimenes had been able in some degree to check. When Charles
left for the Netherlands in 1520 he made Adrian regent of Spain:
as such he had to cope with a very serious revolt. In 1517
Leo X. had created him cardinal priest SS. Ioannis et Pauli;
on the 9th of January 1522 he was almost unanimously elected
pope. Crowned in St Peter's on the 31st of August at the
age of sixty-three, he entered upon the lonely path of the
reformer. His programme was to attack notorious abuses one
by one; but in his attempt to improve the system of granting
indulgences he was hampered by his cardinals; and reducing
the number of matrimonial dispensations was impossible, for
the income had been farmed out for years in advance by Leo X.
The Italians saw in him a pedantic foreign professor, blind
to the beauty of classical antiquity, penuriously docking the
stipends of great artists. As a peacemaker among Christian
princes, whom he hoped to unite in a protective war against
the Turk, he was a failure: in August 1523 he was forced
openly to ally himself with the Empire, England, Venice,
&c., against France; meanwhile in 1522 the sultan Suleiman
I. had conquered Rhodes. In dealing with the early stages
of the Protestant revolt in Germany Adrian did not fully
recognize the gravity of the situation. At the diet which
opened in December 1522 at Nuremberg he was represented by
Chieregati, whose instructions contain the frank admission
that the whole disorder of the church had perchance proceeded
from the Curia itself, and that there the reform should
begin. However, the former professor and inquisitor-general
was stoutly opposed to doctrinal changes, and demanded that
Luther be punished for heresy. The statement in one of his
works that the pope could err in matters of faith (``haeresim
per suam determinationem aut Decretalem assurondo'') has
attracted attention; but as it is a private opinion, not
an ex cathedra pronouncement, it is held not to prejudice
the dogma of papal infallibility. On the 14th of September
1523 he died, after a pontificate too short to be effective.
Most of Adrian VI's official papers disappeared soon after his
death. He published Quaestiones in quartum sententiarum
praesertim circa sacrementa (Paris, 1512, 1516, 1518,
1537; Rome, 1522), and Quaestiones quodlibeticae XII. (1st
ed., Louvain, 1515). See L. Pastor, in Geschichte der
Papste, vol. iv. pt. ii.; Adrian VI und Klemens VII.
(Freiburg, 1907); also Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon,
2nd ed., and Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, 3rd ed.,
under ``Hadrian VI.''; H. Hurter, Nomenclator literarius
recentioris theologiae catholicae, tom. iv. (Innsbruck.
1899), 1027; The Cambridge Modern History, vol. ii.
(1904), 19-21; H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of
Spain, vol. i. (1906); Janus, The Pope and the Council,
2nd ed. (London, 1869), 376. Biographies--A. Lepitre,
Adrien VI. (Paris, 1880); C. A. C. von Hofler, Papst
Adrian VI. (Vienna, 1880); L. Casartelli, ``The Dutch
Pope,'' in Miscellaneous Essays (London, 1906). (W. W. R.*)
ADRIAN, SAINT, one of the praetorian guards of the emperor
Galerius Maximian, who, becoming a convert to Christianity, was
martyred at Nicomedia on the 4th of March 303. It is said that
while presiding over the torture of a band of Christians he
was so amazed at their courage that he publicly confessed his
faith. He was imprisoned, and the next day his limbs were
struck off on an anvil, and he was then beheaded, dying in
his wife's, St Natalia's, arms. St Adrian's festival, with
that of his wife, is kept on the 8th of September. He is
specially a patron of soldiers, and is much reverenced in
Flanders, Germany and the north of France. He is usually
represented armed, with an anvil in his hands or at his feet.
ADRIAN, a city and the county-seat of Lenawee county,
Michigan, U.S.A., on the S. branch of Raisin river, near the
S.E. corner of the state. Pop.(1890) 8736; (1900) 9654, of
whom 1186 were foreign-born: (1910 census) 10,763. It is
served by five branches of the Lake Shore railway system, and
by the Wabash, the Toledo and Western, and the Toledo, Detroit
and Ironton railways. Adrian is the seat of Adrian College
(1859; co-educational), controlled by the Wesleyan Methodist
Church in 1859-1867 and since 1867 by the Methodist Protestant
Church, and having departments of literature, theology, music,
fine arts, commerce and pedagogy, and a preparatory school;
and of St Joseph's Academy (Roman Catholic) for girls; and 1
m. north of the city is the State Industrial Home for Girls
(1879), for the reformation of juvenile offenders between the
ages of ten and seventeen. Adrian has a public library. The
city is situated in a rich farming region; is an important
shipping point for livestock, grain and other farm products;
and is especially known as a centre for the manufacture of
wire-fences. Among the other manufactories are flouring
and grist mills, planing mills, foundries, and factories for
making agricultural implements, United States mail boxes,
furniture, pianos, organs, automobiles, toys and electrical
supplies. The value of the city's factory products increased
from $2,124,923 in 1900 to $4,897,426 in 1904, or 130.5%;
of the total value in 1904, $2,849,648 was the value of
wire-work. The place was laid out as a town in 1828, and
according to tradition was named in honour of the Roman emperor
Hadrian. It was incorporated as a village in 1836, was made
the county-seat in 1838 and was chartered as a city in 1853.
ADRIANI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1513-1579), Italian historian,
was born of a patrician family of Florence, and was secretary
to the republic of Florence. He was among the defenders of
the city during the siege of 1530, but subsequently joined the
Medici party and was appointed professor of rhetoric at the
university. At the instance of Cosimo I. he wrote a history
of his own times, from 1536 to 1574, in Italian, which is
generally, but according to Brunet erroneously, considered a
continuation of Guicciardini. De Thou acknowledges himself
greatly indebted to this history, praising it especially for its
accuracy. Adriani composed funeral orations in Latin on the
emperor Charles V. and other noble personages, and was the
author of a long letter on ancient painters and sculptors
prefixed to the third volume of Vasari. His Istoria dei
suoi tempi was published in Florence in 1583; a new edition
appeared also in Florence in 1872. See G. M. Mazzucchelli,
Gli Scrittori d' Italia, i. p. 151 (Brescia, 1753).
ADRIANOPLE, a vilayet of European Turkey, corresponding with
part of the ancient Thrace, and bounded on the N. by Bulgaria
(Eastern Rumeha), E. by the Black Sea and the vilayet of
Constantinople, S. by the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean Sea and
W. by Macedonia. Pop. (1905) about 1,000,000; area, 15,000 sq.
m. The surface of the vilayet is generally mountainous,
except in the central valley of the Maritza, and along the
banks of its tributaries, the Tunja, Arda, Ergene, &c. On the
west, the great Rhodope range and its outlying ridges extend
as far as the Maritza, and attain an altitude of more than 7000
ft. in the summits of the Kushlar Dagh, Karluk Dagh and the
Balkan. Towards the Black Sea, the less elevated Istranja
Dagh stretches from north-west to south-east; and the entire
south coast, which includes the promontory of Gallipoli and
the western shore of the Dardanelles, is everywhere hilly or
mountainous, except near the estuaries of the Maritza, and
of the Mesta, a western frontier stream. The climate is
mild and the soil fertile; but political disturbances and
the conservative character of the people tend to thwart the
progress of agriculture and other industries. The vilayet
suffered severely during the Russian occupation of 1878,
when, apart from the natural dislocation of commerce, many
of the Moslem cultivators emigrated to Asia Minor, to be
free from their alien rulers. Through the resultant scarcity
of labour, much land fell out of cultivation. This was
partially remedied after the Bulgarian annexation of Eastern
Rumella, in 1885, had driven the Moslems of that country to
emigrate in like manner to Adrianople; but the advantage was
counterbalanced by the establishment of hostile Bulgarian
tariffs. The important silk industry, however, began to
revive about 1890, and dairy farming is prosperous; but the
condition of the vilayet is far less unsettled than that of
Macedonia, owing partly to the preponderance of Moslems among
the peasantry, and partly to the nearness of Constantinople,
with its Western influences. The main railway from Belgrade
to Constantinople skirts the Maritza and Ergene valleys, and
there is an important branch line down the Maritza valley to
Dedeagatch, and thence coastwise to Salonica. After the city
of Adrianople (pop. 1905, about 80,000), which is the capital,
the principal towns are Rodosto (35,000), Gallipoli (25,000),
Kirk-Kilisseh (16,000), Xanthi (14,000), Chorlu (11,500), Demotica
(10,000), Enos (8000), Gumuljina (8000) and Dedeagatch (3000).
ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or
Edreneh; Slav. Odrin), the capital of the vilayet of
Adrianople, Turkey in Europe; 137 m. by rail W.N.W. of
Constantinople. Pop. (1905) about 80,000, of whom half are
Turks, and half Jews, Greeks, Bulgars, Armenians, &c. Adrianople
ranks, after Constantinople and Salonica, third in size and
importance among the cities of European Turkey. It is the see
of a Greek archbishop, and of one Armenian and two Bulgarian
bishops. It is the chief fortress near the Bulgarian frontier,
being defended by a ring of powerful modern forts. It occupies
both banks of the river Tunja, at its confluence with the
Maritza, which is navigable to this point in spring and
winter. The nearest seaport by rail is Dedeagatch, west
of the Maritza; Enos, at the river-mouth, is the nearest by
water. Adrianople is on the railway from Belgrade and
Sofia to Constantinople and Salonica. In appearance it is
thoroughly Oriental--a mass of mean, irregular wooden buildings,
threaded by narrow tortuous streets, . with a few better
buildings. Of these the most important are the Idadieh
school, the school of arts and crafts, the Jewish communal
school; the Greek college, Zappeion; the Imperial Ottoman
Bank and Tobacco Regie; a fire-tower; a theatre; palaces
for the prefect of the city, the administrative staff of
the second army corps and the defence works commission; a
handsome row of barracks; a military hospital; and a French
hospital. Of earlier buildings, the most distinguished are
the Eski Serai, an ancient and half-ruined palace of the
sultans; the bazaar of Ali Pasha; and the 16th-century mosque
of the sultan Selim II., a magnificent specimen of Turkish
architecture. Adrianople has five suburbs, of which
Kiretchhane and Yilderim are on the left bank of the Maritza,
and Kirjikstands on a hill overlooking the city. The two
last named are exclusively Greek, but a large proportion
of the inhabitants of Kiretchhane are Bulgarian. These
three suburbs---as well as the little hamlet of Demirtash,
containing about 300 houses all occupied by Bulgars---are all
built in the native fashion; but the fifth suburb, Karagatch,
which is on the right bank of the Maritza, and occupies the
region between the railway station and the city, is Western
in its design, consisting of detached residences in gardens,
