on a girl's intellectual education at about this time, as
is too often the case, the time devoted to school and books
should be diminished. Education should be on broader, more
fundamental lines, and much time should be passed in the open
air. With regard to the mental training of both sexes two
points must be borne in mind. First, that an ample number
of hours should be set on one side for sleep, up to ten
years of age not less than eleven, and up to twenty years
not less than nine. Secondly, that the time devoted to
``bookwork'' should be broken up into a number of short
periods, very carefully graduated to the individual child.
In every case where there is a family tendency towards any
certain disease or weakness, that tendency must determine
the whole circumstances of the child's life. That diathesis
which is most serious and usually least regarded, the nervous
excitable one, is by far the most important and the most
difficult to deal with. Every effort should be made to
avoid the conditions in which the hereditary predisposition
would be aroused into mischievous action, and to encourage
development on simple unexciting lines. The child should be
confined to the schoolroom but little and receive most of his
training in wood and field. Other diatheses--the tuberculous,
rheumatic, &c.---must be dealt with in appropriate ways.
The adolescent is prone to special weaknesses and moral
perversions. The emotions are extremely unstable, and any
stress put on them may lead to undesirable results. Warm
climates, tight-fitting clothes, corsets, rich foods, soft
mattresses, or indulgences of any kind, and also mental
over-stimulation, are especially to be guarded against.
The day should be filled with interests of an objective--in
contradistinction to subjective--kind, and the child should
retire to bed at night healthily fatigued in mind and body.
Let there be confidence between mother and daughter, father
and son, and, as the years bring the bodily changes, those
in whom the children trust can choose the fitting moments
for explaining their meaning and effect, and warning against
abuses of the natural functions. For bibliography see CHILD.
ADOLPH OF NASSAU (c. 1255-.1298), German king, son of
Walram, count of Nassau. He appears to have received a good
education, and inherited his father's lands around Wiesbaden in
1276. He won considerable fame as a mercenary in many of the
feuds of the time, and on the 5th of May 1292 was chosen German
king, in succession to Rudolph I., an election due rather
to the political conditions of the time than to his personal
abilities. He made large promises to his supporters, and
was crowned on the 1st of July at Aix-la-Chapelle. Princes
and towns did homage to him, but his position was unstable,
and the allegiance of many of the princes, among them Albert
I., duke of Austria, son of the late king Rudolph, was merely
nominal. Seeking at once to strengthen the royal position,
he claimed Meissen as a vacant fief of the Empire, and in
1294 allied himself with Edward I., king of England, against
France. Edward granted him a subsidy, but owing to a
variety of reasons Adolph did not take the field against
France, but turned his arms against Thuringia, which he
had purchased from the landgrave Albert II. This bargain
was resisted by the sons of Albert, and from 1294 to 1296
Adolph was campaigning in Meissen and Thuringia. Meissen was
conquered, but he was not equally successful in Thuringia,
and his relations with Albert of Austria were becoming more
strained. He had been unable to fulfil the promises made at his
election, and the princes began to look with suspicion upon his
designs. Wenceslaus II., king of Bohemia, fell away from his
allegiance, and his deposition was decided on, and was carried
out at Mainz, on the 23rd of May 1298, when Albert of Austria
was elected his successor. The forces of the rival kings
met at Gollheim on the 2nd of July 1298, where Adolph was
killed, it is said by the hand of Albert. He was buried at
Rosenthal, and in 1309 his remains were removed to Spires.
See F. W. E. Roth, Geschichte des Romischen Konigs Adolf I.
von Nassau (Wiesbaden, 1879); V. Domeier, Die Absetzung Adolf
von Nassau (Berlin, 1889); L. Ennen, Die Wahl des Konigs
Adolf von Nassau (Cologne, 1866); L. Schmid, Die Wahl des
Grossen Adolf von Nassau zum Romischen Konig; B. Gebhardt,
Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, Band i. (Berlin, 1901).
ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862), English lawyer and
author, was the son of John Adolphus (1768--1845), a well-known
London barrister who wrote a History of England to 1783
(1802), a History of France from 1790 (1803) and other
works. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at
St. John's College, Oxford. In 1821 he published Letters to
Richard Heber, Esq., in which he discussed the authorship of
the then anonymous Waverley novels, and fixed it upon Sir Walter
Scott. This conclusion was based on the resemblance of the
novels in general style and method to the poems acknowledged
by Scott. Scott thought at first that the letters were
written by Reginald Heber, afterwards bishop of Calcutta,
and the discovery of J. L. Adolphus's identity led to a warm
friendship. Adolphus was called to the bar in 1822, and his
Circuiteers, an Eclogue, is a parody of the style of two of
his colleagues on the northern circuit. He became judge of the
Marylebone County Court in 1852, and was a bencher of the Inner
Temple. He was the author of Letters from Spain in 1816
and 1817 (1858), and was completing his father's History of
England at the time of his death on the 24th of December 1862.
ADOLPHUS FREDERICK (1710-1771), king of Sweden, was born
at Gottorp on the 14th of May 1710. His father was Christian
Augustus (1673--1726), duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp,
bishop of Lubeck, and administrator, during the war of
1700--1721, of the duchies of Holstein-Gottorp for his nephew
Charles Frederick; his mother was Albertina Frederica of
Baden-Durlach. From 1727 to 1750 he was bishop of Lubeck,
and administrator of Holstein-Kiel during the minority of Duke
Charles Peter Ulrich, afterwards Peter III. of Russia. In
1743 he was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the ``Hat''
faction in order that they might obtain better conditions of
peace from the empress Elizabeth, whose fondness for the house
of Holstein was notorious (see SWEDEN, History). During
his whole reign (1751-1771) Adolphus Frederick was little more
than a state decoration, the real power being lodged in the
hands of an omnipotent riksdag, distracted by fierce party
strife. Twice he endeavoured to free himself from the
intolerable tutelage of the estates. The first occasion
was in 1755 when, stimulated by his imperious consort Louisa
Ulrica, sister of Frederick the Great, he tried to regain
a portion of the attenuated prerogative, and nearly lost
his throne in consequence. On the second occasion, under
the guidance of his eldest son, the crown prince Gustavus,
afterwards Gustavus III., he succeeded in overthrowing the
tyrannous ``Cap'' senate, but was unable to make any use of
his victory. He died of surfeit at Stockholm on the 12th
of February 1771. See R. Nisbet Bain, Gustavus III. and
his Contemporaries, vol. i. (London, 1895). (R. N. B.)
ADONI, a town of British India, in the Bellary district of
Madras, 307 m. from Madras by rail. It has manufactures of
carpets, silk and cotton goods, and several factories for ginning
and pressing cotton. The hill-fort above, now in ruins, was an
important seat of government in Mahommedan times and is frequently
mentioned in the wars of the 18th century. Pop. (1901) 30,416.
ADONIJAH (Heb. Adoniyyah or Adoniyyahu, ``Yah is
Lord''), a name borne by several persons in the Old
Testament, the most noteworthy of whom was the fourth son of
David. He was born to Haggith at Hebron (2 Sam. iii. 4; 1
Ch. iii. 2). The natural heir to the throne, on the death of
Absalom, he sought with the help of Joab and Abiathar to seize
his birthright, and made arrangements for his coronation (1
Kings i. 5 ff.). Hearing, however, that Solomon, with the
help of Nathan the prophet and Bathsheba, and apparently
with the consent of David, had ascended the throne, he fled
for safety to the horns of the altar. Solomon spared him
on this occasion (1 Kings i. 50 ff.), but later commanded
Benaiah to slay him (ii. 13 ff.), because with the approval
of Bathsheba he wished to marry Abishag, formerly David's
concubine, and thus seemed to have designs on the throne.
ADONIS, in classical mythology, a youth of remarkable
beauty, the favourite of Aphrodite. According to the story
in Apollodorus (iii. 14. 4), he was the son of the Syrian king
Theias by his daughter Smyrna (Myrrha), who had been inspired
by Aphrodite with unnatural love. When Theias discovered the
truth he would have slain his daughter, but the gods in pity
changed her into a tree of the same name. After ten months the
tree burst asunder and from it came forth Adonis. Aphrodite,
charmed by his beauty, hid the infant in a box and handed
him over to the care of Persephone, who afterwards refused to
give him up. On an appeal being made to Zeus, he decided that
Adonis should spend a third of the year with Persephone and
a third with Aphrodite, the remaining third being at his own
disposal. Adonis was afterwards killed by a boar sent by
Artemis. There are many variations in the later forms of the
story (notably in Ovid, Metam. x. 298). The name is generally
supposed to be of Phoenician origin (from adon--``lord''),
Adonis himself being identified with Tammuz (but see F.
Dummler in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyklopadie, who does not
admit a Semitic origin for either name or cult). The name
Abobas, by which he was known at Perga in Pamphyha, certainly
seems connected with abub (a Semitic word for ``flute''; cf.
``ambubaiarum collegia'' in Horace, Satires, i. 2. 1). (See
also ATTIS.) Annual festivals, called Adonia, were held in
his honour at Byblus, Alexandria, Athens and other places.
Although there were variations in the ceremony itself and in
its date, the central idea was the death and resurrection of
Adonis. A vivid description of the festival at Alexandria
(for which Bion probably wrote his Dirge cf. Adonis) is
given by Theocritus in his fifteenth idyll, the Adoniazusae.
On the first day, which celebrated the union of Adonis and
Aphrodite, their images were placed side by side on a silver
couch, around them all the fruits of the season, ``Adonis
gardens'' in silver baskets, golden boxes of myrrh, cakes of
meal, honey and oil, made in the likeness of things that
creep and things that fly. On the day following the image
of Adonis was carried down to the shore and cast into the
sea by women with dishevelled hair and bared breasts. At
the same time a song was sung, in which the god was entreated
to be propitious in the coming year. This festival, like
that at Athens, was held late in summer; at Byblus, where
the mourning . ceremony preceded, it took place in spring.
It is now generally agreed that Adonis is a vegetation spirit,
whose death and return to life represent the decay of nature
in winter and its revival in spring. He is born from the
myrrh-tree, the oil of which is used at his festival; he is
connected with Aphrodite in her character of vegetation-goddess.
A special feature of the Athenian festival was the ``Adonis
gardens,'' small pots of flowers forced to grow artificially,
which rapidly faded (hence the expression was used to denote
any transitory pleasure). The dispute between Aphrodite
