assignment to Don Philip of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza and
Guastalla; (3) the restoration of the duke of Modena and the
republic of Genoa to their former positions; (4) the renewal
in favour of Great Britain of the Asiento contract of the 16th
of March 1713, and of the right to send an annual vessel to
the Spanish colonies; (5) the renewal of the article of the
treaty of 1718 recognizing the Protestant succession in the
English throne; (6) the recognition of the emperor Francis and
the confirmation of the pragmatic sanction, i.e. of the right
of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg succession; (7) the guarantee
to Prussia of the duchy of Silesia and the county of Glatz.
Spain having raised objections to the Asiento clauses, the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was supplemented by that of Madrid
(5th of October 1750), by which Great Britain surrendered
her claims under those clauses in return for a sum of
L. 100,000. II.See A. J. H. de Clercq, Recueil des traites
de la France; F. A. Wenk, Corpus juris gentium recentissimi,
1735-1772, vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1786), p. 337; Comte G. de
Garden, Hist. des traites de paix, 1848-1887, iii p. 373.
3. The congress or conference of Aix-la-Chapelle, held in the
autumn of 1818, was primarily a meeting of the four allied
powers--Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia--to decide
the question of the withdrawal of the army of occupation from
France and the nature of the modifications to be introduced
in consequence into the relations of the four powers towards
each other, and collectively towards France. The congress,
of which the first session was held on the 1st of October,
was attended by the emperor Alexander I. of Russia, the
emperor Francis I. of Austria, and Frederick William III. of
Prussia, in person. Great Britain was represented by Lord
Castlereagh and the duke of Wellington, Austria by Prince
Metternich, Russia by Counts Capo d'Istria and Nesselrode,
Prussia by Prince Hardenberg and Count Bernstorff. The duc de
Richelieu, by favour of the allies, was present on behalf of
France. The evacuation of France was agreed to in principle
at the first session, the consequent treaty being signed on
the 9th of October. The immediate object of the conference
being thus readily disposed of, the time of the congress was
mainly occupied in discussing the form to be taken by the
European alliance, and the ``military measures,'' if any, to
be adopted as a precaution against a fresh outburst on the
part of France. The proposal of the emperor Alexander I.
to establish a ``universal union of guarantee'' on the broad
basis of the Holy Alliance, after much debate, broke down on
the uncompromising opposition of Great Britain; and the main
outcome of the congress was the signature, on the 15th of
November, of two instruments: (1) a secret protocol confirming
and renewing the quadruple alliance established by the treaties
of Chaumont and Paris (of the 20th of November 1815) against
France; (2) a public ``declaration'' of the intention of the
powers to maintain their intimate union. ``strengthened by the
ties of Christian brotherhood,'' of which the object was the
preservation of peace on the basis of respect for treaties.
The secret protocol was communicated in confidence to Richelieu;
to the declaration France was invited publicly to adhere.
Besides these questions of general policy, the congress concerned
itself with a number of subjects left unsettled in the hurried
winding up of the congress of Vienna, or which had arisen
since. Of these the most important were the questions as to
the methods to be adopted for the suppression of the slave
trade and the Barbary pirates. In neither case was any
decision arrived at, owing (1) to the refusal of the other
powers to agree with the British proposal for a reciprocal
right of search on the high seas; (2) to the objection of
Creat Britain to international action which would have involved
the presence of a Russian squadron in the Mediterranean. In
matters of less importance the congress was more unanimous.
Thus, on the urgent appeal of the king of Denmark, the king of
Sweden (Bernadotte) received a peremptory summons to carry out
the terms of the treaty of Kiel; the petition of the elector
of Hesse to be recognized as king was unanimously rejected;
and measures were taken to redress the grievances of the
German mediatized princes. The more important outstanding
questions in Germany, e.g. the Baden succession, were after
consideration reserved for a further conference to be called at
Frankfort. In addition to these a great variety of questions
were considered, from that of the treatment of Napoleon at St
Helena, to the grievances of the people of Monaco against
their prince and the position of the Jews in Austria and
Prussia. An attempt made to introduce the subject of the
Spanish colonies was defeated by the opposition of Great
Britain. Lastly, certain vexatious questions of diplomatic
etiquette were settled once for all (see DIPLOMACY.) The
congress, which broke up at the end of November, is of
historical importance mainly as marking the highest point
reached in the attempt to govern Europe by an international
committee of the powers. The detailed study of its proceedings
is highly instructive in revealing the almost insurmountable
obstacles to any really effective international system.
AUTHORITIES.--- F.O. Records (the volumes marked Continent,
Aix-la-Chapelle, To and from Viscount Castlereagh): State
Papers: (3) F.. de Martens, Nouveau recueil de traites,
&c. (Gottingen, 1817-1842); F. de Martens, Recueil des
traites conclus par la Russie, &c. 1874 in progr.); F. von
Gentz, Deleches inedites, &c., ed. Baron Prokesch-Osten,
3 vols. (1876-1877); Metternich, Memoirs; Wellington,
Suppl. Despatches; Castlereagh, Correspondence, &c.
AIX-LES-BAINS, a town of France, in the department of Savoie,
near the Lac du Bourget, and 9 m. by rail N. of Chambery. Pop.
(1901) 4741. It is 846 ft. above the level of the sea. It was a
celebrated bathing-place, under the name of Aquae Gratianae,
in the time of the Romans, and possesses numerous ancient
remains. The hot springs, which are of sulphureous quality,
and have a temperature of from 109 deg. to 113 deg. F., are still much
frequented, attracting annually many thousands of visitors.
They are used for drinking as well as for bathing purposes.
AIYAR, SIR SHESHADRI (1845-1901), native statesman of Mysore,
India, was the son of a Brahman of Palghat in the district of
Malabar. He was educated at the provincial school at Calicut
and the presidency college in Madras, and entered the government
service as a translator. In 1868 he was transferred to Mysore
under Runga Charlu, and for thirteen years filled various
offices in that state; but when Mysore was restored to native
rule in 1881, he became personal assistant to Runga Charlu, whom
he succeeded as diwan in 1885 . For the next seventeen years
he laboured assiduously to promote the economic and industrial
development of the state, and proved an able assistant to the
Maharaja Chamarajendra. By means of railway, irrigation and
mining works, he added greatly to the wealth of the state, and
put it on a sound financial footing. He retired in 1900, was
made K.C.S.I. in 1893 and died on the 13th of September 1901.
AIYAR, SIR TIRUVARUR MUTUSWAMY (1832-1895), native Indian
judge of the high court of Madras, was born of poor parents in
the village of Vuchuwadi, near Tanjore, on the 28th of January
1832. His widowed mother was forced by poverty to remove with
Mutuswamy and his brother to Tiruvarar, where the former learnt
Tamil, and soon set to work under the village accountant at a
monthly salary of one rupee. About this time he lost his mother,
whose memory he cherished with reverence and affection to the
last. His duty took him to the court-house of the tehsildar, Mr
Naiken, who soon remarked his extraordinary intelligence and
industry. There was an English school at Tiruvarar, where
Mutuswamy managed to pick up an elementary knowledge of the English
language. Mr Naiken then sent him to Sir Henry Montgomery's
school at Madras, as a companion to his nephew, and there he
won prizes and scholarships year after year. In 1854 he won
a prize of 500 rupees offered to the students of the Madras
presidency by the council of education for the best English
essay. This success brought him to the notice of Sir
Alexander Arbuthnot and Mr Justice Holloway. He was offered
help to proceed to England and compete for the civil service,
but being a Brahman and married, he declined to cross the
ocean. Instead he entered the subordinate government service,
and was employed in such various posts as school-teacher,
record-keeper in Tanjore, and in 1856 deputy-inspector of
schools. At this time the Madras authorities instituted the
examination for the office of pleaders, and Mutuswamy came out
first in the first examination, even beating Sir T. Madhavarao,
his senior by many years. Mutuswamy was then appointed in
succession district munsiff at Tranquebar, deputy-collector
in Tanjore in 1859, sub-judge of south Kanara in 1865, and
a magistrate of police at Madras in 1868. While serving in
the last post he passed the examination for the degree of
bachelor of laws of the local university. He was next employed
as a judge of the Madras small causes court, until in 1878
he was raised to the bench of the high court, which office
he occupied with ability and distinction for over fifteen
years, sometimes acting as the chief justice. He attended by
invitation of the viceroy the imperial assemblage at Delhi in
1877. In 1878 he received the honour of C.I.E. and in 1893
the K.C.I.E. was conferred on him. But he did not live long
to enjoy this dignity, dying suddenly in 1895. Mutuswamy was
too devoted to his official work to give much time to other
pursuits. Still he took his full share in the affairs of
the Madras university, of which he was nominated a fellow
in 1872 and a syndic in 1877, and was well acquainted with
English law, literature and philosophy. He was through
life a staunch Brahman, devout and amiable in character,
with a taste for the ancient music of India and the study
of the Vedas and other departments of Sanskrit literature.
AJACCIO, the capital of Corsica, on the west coast of the
island, 210 m. S.E. of Marseilles. Pop. (1906) 19,021.
Ajaccio occupies a sheltered position at the foot of wooded
hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The
harbour, lying to the east of the town, is protected on the
south by a peninsula which carries the citadel and terminates
in the Citadel jetty; to the south-west of this peninsula
lies the Place Bonaparte, a quarter frequented chiefly
by winter visitors attracted by the mild climate of the
town. Apart from one or two fine thoroughfares converging to
the Place Bonaparte, the streets are mean and narrow and the
town has a deserted appearance. The house in which Napoleon
I, was born in 1769 is preserved, and his associations
with the town are everywhere emphasized by street-names and
statues. The other buildings, including the cathedral of the
16th century, are of little interest. The town is the seat
of a bishopric dating at least from the 7th century and of a
prefect. It has tribunals of first instance and of commerce,
training colleges, a communal college, a museum and a library;
the three latter are established in the Palais Fesch. founded
by Cardinal Fesch, who was born at Ajaccio in 1763. Ajaccio
has small manufactures of cigars and macaroni and similar
