are said to express themselves externally by a special inflating
inspiration, and by stretching upward and standing ``a-tiptoe''
respectively; also an article on ``Recent Aesthetics', by
Vernon Lee in the Quarterly Review, 1904, part i. pp. 420-443.
33 See Hume, Essays, ``Essay of Tragedy,'' and the
important discussions on the meaning of Aristotle's
doctrine of the emotions of tragedy and of emotional
purification or ``alleviating discharge', (kathansis)
touched on by Bosanquet, op. cit. pp. 64 ff. and 234 ff.
34 That beauty implies a peculiar blending of formal
and spiritual (geistige) factors is recognized
by H. Riegel, Die bildende Kunste; pp. 16 ff.
35 Human Nature (first part of Tripos), ch. viii.
sec. 5 (Molesworth's edition of Works, vol. iv. p. 38).
36 See among others R. Wallascheck, Primitve Music, pp.
270 ff., and Y. Hirn, The Origin of Art, pp. 9 ff.; cf. W.
Jerusalem, Einleitung in die Philosophie, pp. 116, 117.
37 The idea of this social utility in aesthetic enjoyment
is touched on by Kant, Criticue of Judgment (Bernard's
trans.), p. 174; and is more fully worked out by Guyau,
L'Art au point de vue sociologique, ch. ii. and iii.;
cf. Rutgers Marshall, Aesthetic Principles, pp. 81-82.
38 On the nature of the primitive art-culture, see Rutgers
Marshall, Aesthetic Principles, ch. iii.; M. Baldwin,
Social and Ethical Interpretations, pp. 151 ff: Y.
Hirn, The Origin of Art, ch. ii. On artistic genius
and its creative process, see H. Taine, The Philosophy of
Art, Part ii.; P. Souriau, L'Imagination de l'artiste;
G. Seailles, Essai sur la genie dans l'art; E. Grosse,
Kunstwissenschaftliche Studien iii.; Arreat, Psychologie
du peintre; L. Dauriac, Essai sur l'esprit musical.
39 Only recent works are included. Important points
in each are indicated by abbreviations, namely:--
Einf., Einfuhlung (expressional element in form).
Evol., for bearings of evolution.
Ill., for aesthetic illusion.
Judg., for aesthetic judgment.
Meth., for method of aesthetics.
Norm., for the normative function of aesthetics
Pl., for theory of pleasure
Play, for Play and aesthetic enjoyment
Senses, for aesthetic value of higher senses.
Val., for aesthetic value.
AESTIVATION (from Lat. aestivare, to spend the aestas, or
summer; the word is sometimes spelled ``estivation''), literally
``summer residence,'' a term used in zoology for the condition
of torpor into which certain animals pass during the hottest
season in hot and dry countries, contrasted with the similar
winter condition known as hibernation (q.v..) In botany the
word is used of the praefloration or folded arrangement of the
petals in a flower before expansion in the summer, contrasted
with ``vernation'' of leaves which unfold in the spring.
AETHELBALD, king of Mercia, succeeded Ceolred A.D. 716.
According to Felix, Life of St Guthlac, he visited the saint at
Crowland, when exiled by Ceolred and pursued by his emissaries
before his accession, and was cheered by predictions of his
future greatness. According to Bede, the whole of Britain as
far north as the Humber was included within the sphere of his
authority. His energy in preserving his influence is shown
by several entries in the Chronicle. He made an expedition
against Wessex in 733, in which year he took the royal vill of
Somerton. In 740 he took advantage of the absence of Eadberht
of Northumbria in a campaign against the Picts to invade his
kingdom. In 743 he fought with Cuthred, king of Wessex,
against the Welsh, but the alliance did not last long, as in
752 Cuthred took up arms against him. In 757 AEthelbald was
slain by his guards at Seckington (Warwickshire) and buried at
Repton. He seems to have been the most powerful and energetic
king of Mercia between Penda and Offa. A letter of St Boniface
is preserved, in which he rebukes this king for his immoralities
and encroachments on church property, while recognizing his
merits as a monarch. By a charter of 749 he freed ecclesiastical
lands from all obligations except the trinoda necessitas.
See Bede, Hist. Ecc. (ed. Plummer), v. 23 and Continuatio
s.a. 740, 750, 757; Saxon Chronicle (Earle and Plummer),
s.a. 716, 733, 737, 740, 741, 743, 755; Mabillon,
Acta Sanctorum, ii. pp. 264, 273, 276, 4-9, W. de G.
Birch, Cartul. Saxon. 178 (1885-1893). (F. G. M. B.)
AETHELBALD, king of Wessex, was the son of AEthelwulf, with
whom he led the West Saxons to victory against the Danes
at Aclea, 851. According to Asser he rebelled against his
father on the latter's return from Rome in 856, and deprived
him of Wessex, which he ruled until his death in 860. On
his father's death in 818 he married his widow, Judith.
See Asser, Life of Alfred (W. H. Stevenson,
1904), 12; Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 851, 855, 860.
AETHELBERHT, king of Kent, son of Eormenric, probably came
to the throne in A.D. 560. The first recorded event of his
reign was a serious reverse at the hands of Ceawlin of Wessex
in the year 568 (Chronicle) at a place called Wibbandune.
AEthelberht married Berhta, daughter of Charihert, king of
Paris, who brought over Bishop Liudhard as her private
confessor. According to Bede, AEthelberht's supremacy in
597 stretched over all the English kingdoms as far as the
Humber. The nature of this supremacy has been much disputed,
but it was at any rate sufficient to guarantee the safety
of Augustine in his conference with the British bishops.
AEthelberht exercised a stricter sway over Essex, where his
nephew Saberht was king. In 597 the mission of Augustine
landed in Thanet and was received at first with some
hesitation by the king. He seems to have acted with prudence
and moderation during the conversion of his kingdom and did
not countenance compulsory proselytism. AEthelberht gave
Augustine a dwelling-place in Canterbury, and Christ Church
was consecrated in 603. He also made grants to found the see
of Rochester, of which Justus became first bishop in 604,
and his influence established Mellitus at London in the same
year. A code of laws issued by him which is still extant
is probably the oldest document in the English language, and
contains a list of money fines for various crimes. Towards
the close of his reign his pre-eminence as Bretwalda was
disturbed by the increasing power of Raedwald of East Anglia.
He died probably in 616, and was succeeded by his son Eadbald.
See Bede, Hist. Ecc. (Plummer) i. 25, 26, ii. 3, 5; Saxon
Chronicle Earle and Plummer), s.a. 568. (F. G. M. B.)
AETHELBERHT, king of the West Saxons, succeeded to the sub-kingdom
of Kent during the lifetime of his father AEthelwulf, and
retained it until the death of his elder brother AEthelbald in
860, when he became sole king of Wessex and Kent, the younger
brothers AEthelred and Alfred renouncing their claim. He ruled
these kingdoms for five years and died in 865. His reign was
marked by two serious attacks on the part of the Danes, who
destroyed Winchester in 860, in spite of the resistance of the
ealdormen Osric and AEthelwulf with the levies of Hampshire
and Berkshire, while in 865 they treacherously ravaged Kent.
Alfred's Will; W. de G. Birch, Cartul. Saxon. 553.
AETHELFLAED (ETHELFLEDA), the ``Lady of the Mercians,''
the eldest child of Alfred the Great, was educated with
her brother Edward at her father's court. As soon as she
was of marriageable age (probably about A.D. 886), she
was married to AEthelred, earl of Mercia to whom Alfred
entrusted the control of Mercia. On the accession of her
brother Edward, AEthelflaed and her husband continued to hold
Mercia. In 907 they fortified Chester, and in 909 and 910
either AEthelflaed or her husband must have led the Mercian
host at the battles of Tettenhall and Wednesfield (or
Tettenhall-Wednesfield, if these battles are one and the
same). It was probably about this time that AEthelred fell
ill, and the Norwegians and Danes from Ireland unsuccessfully
besieged Chester. AEthelflaed won the support of the Danes
against the Norwegians, and seems also to have entered into
an alliance with the Scots and the Welsh against the pagans.
In 911 AEthelred died and Edward took over Middlesex and
Oxfordshire. Except for this AEthelflaed's authority remained
unimpaired. In 912 she fortified ``Scergeat'' and Bridgenorth,
Tamworth and Stafford in 913, Eddisbury and Warwick in 914,
Cherbury, ``Weardbyrig'' and Runcorn in 915. In 916 she sent
an expedition against the Welsh, which advanced as far as
Brecknock. In 917 Derby was captured from the Danes,
and in the next year Leicester and York both submitted to
her. She died in the same year at Tamworth (June 12), and was
buried in St Peter's church at Gloucester. This noble queen,
whose career was as distinguished as that of her father and
brother, left one daughter, AElfwyn. For some eighteen months
AElfwyn seems to have wielded her mother's authority, and
then, just before the Christmas of 919, Edward took Mercia
into his own hands, and AElfwyn was ``led away'' into Wessex.
AEthelflaed and her husband wielded almost kingly authority, and
the royal title is often given them by the chroniclers. See The
Saxon Chronicle, sub ann. (especially the Mercian register in
MSS. B, C and D); Florence of Worcester: Fragments of Irish
Annals (ed. O'Conor), pp. 227-237; D.N.B., s.v. (A. Mw.)
AETHELFRITH, king of Northumbria, is said to have come to
the throne in A.D. 593, being the son of AEthelric (probably
reigned 568-572). He married Acha, daughter of Ella
(AElle), king of Deira, whom he succeeded probably in 605,
expelling his son Edwin. In 603 he repelled the attack of
Aidan, king of the Dalriad Scots, at Daegsastan, defeating
him with great loss. The appearance of Hering, son of
Hussa, AEthelfrith's predecessor, On the side of the invaders
seems to indicate family quarrels in the royal house of
Bernicia. Later in his reign, probably in 614, he defeated the
Welsh in a great battle at Chester and massacred the monks of
Bangor who were assembled to aid them by their prayers. This
war may have been due partly to AEthelfrith's persecution of
Edwin, but it had a strategic importance in the separation
of the North Welsh from the Strathclyde Britons. In 617
AEthelfrith was defeated and slain at the river Idle by Raedwald
of East Anglia, whom Edwin had persuaded to take up his cause.
See Bede, Chronica Mojora, sec. 531; Hist. Ecc. (Plummer) i.
34, ii. 2; Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 593, 603, 605, 616; Hist.
Brittonum, sec. sec. 57, 63 Annales Cambriae, s.a. 613. (F. D. M. B.)
AETHELING, an Anglo-Saxon word compounded of aethele, or
ethel, meaning noble, and ing, belonging to, and akin
to the modern German words Adel, nobility, and adelig,
noble. During the earliest years of the Anglo-Saxon rule in
England the word was probably used to denote any person of noble
birth. Its use was, however, soon restricted to members of
a royal family, and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle it is used
almost exclusively for members of the royal house of Wessex.
It was occasionally used after the Norman Conquest to designate
members of the royal family. The earlier part of the word
formed part of the name of several Anglo-Saxon kings, e.g.
AEthelbert, AEthelwulf, AEthelred, and was used obviously to
indicate their noble birth. According to a document which probably
dates from the 10th century, the wergild of an aetheling was
fixed at 15,000 thrymsas, or 11,250 shillings. This wergild is
equal to that of an archbishop and one-half of that of a king.
AETHELNOTH (d. 1038), archbishop of Canterbury, known
also as EGELNODUS or EDNODUS, was a son of the ealdorman
