owners can advertise whatever they choose. But it is hardly fair to say
that mass media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to
develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not
only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs.
There are more then six TV channels and lot's of radio stations and
newspapers now in the Russian Federation.
PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernitious disease
but it hits the youth the hardest. It's name is unemployment. The
persent-age of unemployed youth in the total number of the jobless is
high. In many developing countries the situation is more serious. Many
young people to commit suside. Unless the economic situation in the
world changes, youth unemployment will mount. This prodictions refer to
all catigories of workers-with high and low skills in town and country.
For all there possible distinctious,these young people over outside the
production structure of society. The are deprived the possebility of
creting there are "surplus" from time to time some may get a hit of
luck, but the lot of the majority is to feel their unlessles to lose
their ideals and become disillusioned. Unemployment greatly
intemcilicselle tendency among the youth towards, drug education ,
frastretion and crime. This is a time bomb and is a heavy acusation of
any social economic system.
British education
British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of
individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory
schooling takes place between the agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils
remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare for further higher
education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide
range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and to
continue studying through out life.
Administration of state schools is decentralised. The department of
education and science is responsible for national education policy, but
it doesn't run any schools, if doesn't employ teachers, or prescribe
corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount of
freedom. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. That is
religious instruction.
Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery
schools or in infant's classes in primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and the
small proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most independent
schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.
Education within the mantained schools system usually comprises two
stages: primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdevided
into infant schools (ages 5 - 7), and junior schools (ages 7 - 11).
Infant schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write
and make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary
children do all their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and
music. The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible.
The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of
arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and
others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C
and D streams according their abilities. The most able children were put
in the A stream, the list able in the D stream. Till reccantly most
junior shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It
usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent test.
According to the results of the exam children are sent to Grammar,
Technical or Secondary modern schools. So called comprehansive schools
began to appear after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which
can provide education for over 1000 pupils. Ideally they provide all the
courses given in Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools.
By the law all children must receive full-time education between the
ages of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further
2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of
18 or 19. The course is usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the
upper 6. The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can
choose 2 or 3.
The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general
certeficate of education (the GCE) exam and certificate of secondary
education (the CSE) exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels: ordinary
level (0 level) and advanced level (A level).
Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away. GCE level is
usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken
after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of everage
abilities of their age.
My future profession
What I would like to become? This question pasels me greatly. Every
job has its elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly
all the professions are very important in life. But to choose the right
occupation is very difficult, because we must take in to consideration
many factors. We must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind.
At the same time we must satisfy the requirements of our society and
peoples needs in one profession or another.
The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the
beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very
serious exam we must choose the road in life which will help us best to
live and work. Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind
and use knowledge and education received at school. Some may prefer to
work in factories or works, others want to go into construction: to take
part in building power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to
work and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and
your own personal interest are offered in the sfere of the services
transport, communications and many others.
I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this
profession because it very interest.
Art gallereys of London
Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention
The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery.
I would like to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate
gallery.
The national gallery houses one of the richest and most extensive
collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the
Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William Wilkins and
build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of
painting, but is a specially famous for it's examples of Rembrant and
Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented as the
national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey. The National
gallerey was founded in 1824 when the government bought the collection
of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.
The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british painting
from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national
gallerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture made in
Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as
the national gallerey of british art. It owes it's establishment to Suie
Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own collection of 65
painting.
MOSCOW THEATRES
For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of
theatres. The birth plays of the historic "Bolshoy", "Maly" and
"Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and
is famous for it's great number of highlygifted, interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams
of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and
others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today
exists du
e to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
Art in Moscow
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the
most famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture
gallereys in Russia. It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel
Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and
art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little
Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier
Russian paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St. Peterburg to
the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.
Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter
museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects
the whole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to the
present day.
Also I'd like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine
art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898
- 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of
professor Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin
museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest ancient
collections of european art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2
thousands works of various schools of painting which enaibous us
to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the
centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art
of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past
and present.
British theatres
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build
around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any London
theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff
in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of
actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to
run as long as it draws the odious and pays it's way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows:
there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced
(bookable), and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators
occupy them on the principal: first come - first served. And ancient
times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The Blackfries" build in 1576, and "The
Globe" build in 1599, which is closely connected with William
Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of all mention
"The English National theatre","The Royal Shakespeare company" and
"Covent Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before
then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive
surroundings farther west, such as "St. Jame's Square".
The first "Covent Garden theatre" was build in 1732. It was burnt
down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last century
