tactics. The system of Marshal Valee had been the defensive:
he multiplied the fortified posts in order to draw the enemy
to a spot chosen beforehand. Bugeaud resolutely adopted the
offensive, reduced the weight carried by the soldiers in
order to increase the mobility of his troops, and carried
the war into the province of Oran, from which Abd-el-Kader
drew his principal resources. One after the other, all the
magazines of the amir--those at Takdempt, Boghar, Taza, Saida
and Sebdu--were taken and destroyed. In the spring of 1843
the duc d'Aumale had an opportunity of surprising the smala
(camp) of Abd-el-Kader near Taguin. This was a serious blow
for the amir, whose determination to continue the contest
was, however, as strong as ever. He took refuge in Morocco,
and induced that power to declare war on the French on the
pretext that they would not give up the frontier post of
Lalla-Maghnia. Morocco was soon vanquished. While Francois,
prince de Joinville, was bombarding Tangier and Mogador, Bugeaud
gained the victory of the Isly (August 1844). Morocco signed
a treaty of peace at Tangier on the 10th of September 1844.
The struggle, however, was not ended. Islam made a supreme
effort in Algeria. The Dahra and the Warsenis rose at the voice
of a fanatic called Bu-Maza (``the goat man''), a Khuan of
the order of the Mouley-Taieb. Elsewhere other ``masters of
the hour,'' false Bu-Mazas, rose. Abd-el-Kader reappeared in
Algeria, which he overran with a rapidity which baffled all
pursuit. He beat the French at Sidi Brahim, raided the tribes
of the Tell Oranais which had abandoned him, penetrated as far
as the borders of the Metija, and reached the Jurjura, where he
endeavoured to rouse the Kabyles. But his eloquence offended
the narrow and cramped particularism of those little democratic
cities, deaf to the sentiment of the common interest. From
that time he played a losing game. He returned toward the
west, penetrating farther and farther to the south. Badly
received by the great aristocratic family of the Walid-sidi-
Sheikh, he re-entered Morocco, but the emperor of that country,
dreading his influence and fearing difficulties with the French,
drove him out. This was the end. On the 23rd of December
1847 Abd-el-Kader surrendered to General Lamoriciere in the
plains of Sidi-Brahim. His adversary, Bugeaud, was there no
longer. Having failed to persuade the French government
to adopt his plans of military colonization, he had retired
in June 1847 and had been replaced by the duc d'Aumale.
The surrender of Abd-el-Kader marks the end of the period
of the conquest. It is true that Great Kabylia had to be
subdued only ten years later, and that terrible insurrections
still had to be quelled. But at the end of the reign
of Louis Philippe the essential work was accomplished.
All that remained was to complete and to secure it.
French progress.
Under the second republic Algeria was governed successively
by Generals L. E. Cavaignac (February to April 1848), N. A.
T. Changarnier (April to September 1848), V. Charon (September
1848 to October 1850), and A. H. d'Hautpoul (October 1850 to
December 1851). The policy followed at this period consisted
in assimilating Algeria to France. Important efforts were made
to attract French colonists to the country, the colonization
of Algeria appearing as a means towards the extinction of
pauperism in the mother-country. This point of view suggested
numerous projects, as chimerical as they were generous; two
millions sterling (50 million francs) were expended with a view
to installing Parisian unemployed workmen as colonists, but
this attempt failed miserably. The most remarkable military
events of this period were (1) the siege and destruction
of the oasis of Zaatcha, where the inhabitants, displeased
by an alteration in the tax on palms, rose at the voice of
a fanatic named Bu-Zian; (2) the ineffectual campaign of
Marshal Saint Arnaud in Little Kabylia, where the tribes rose
at the instigation of Bu-Magla (``the mule man'') in 1851.
Marshal J. L. C. A. Randon (1795-1871), named governor-
general of Algeria after the coup d'etat, had at first
to repress in the south a rising of a new ``master of the
hour,'' Mahomet ben Abdallah, the sherif of Wargla. A column
seized Laghouat (El Aghuat) in December 1852. Si-Hamza,
leader of the Walidsidi-Sheikh, an ally of France, indignant
at the growing influence of a base-born agitator, pursued him
and seized Wargla (1853). In 1854 General Desvaux entered
Tuggurt. Henceforth matters remained quiet in the region
of the Sahara, and Marshal Randon turned his efforts towards
Kabylia. Neither the Romans nor the Turks had been able to
subdue this square mountainous tract, of which Bougie, Setif,
Aumale and Dellys form the four corners. But in two months
(May to June 1857) Marshal Randon made himself master of
it, and built in the heart of this country Fort Napoleon (now
Fort National), ``the thorn in the side of Kabylia,'' whose
batteries commanded all the Kabyle villages of the region.
In 1858 the creation of a ``ministry of Algeria and of
the colonies'' brought about the resignation of Marshal
Randon. The administrative headquarters of Algeria was then
transferred from Algiers to Paris. The ministry of Algeria
was entrusted first to Prince Napoleon, and afterwards to
the marquis J. N. S. P. de Chasseloup-Laubat (1805-1873).
But this office, created at the least prematurely, soon
disappeared without causing any regrets. This ephemeral regime
lasted from the 24th of June 1858 to the 24th of November
1860. The decree of the 24th of November 1860 transferred
the services from Paris back to Algiers, and re-established
the functions of governor-general, which were exercised at
the end of the second empire first by Marshal Pelissier,
duc de Malakoff (December 1860 to September 1864) and then
by Marshal Macmahon, duc de Magenta (September 1864 to July
1870). At this period the conception of the Arab kingdom
was prevalent. The emperor Napoleon III., in a celebrated
letter, wrote that he was as much the emperor of the Arabs
as the emperor of the French. Algeria was considered as a
kind of great military fief, and the officers who ruled there
commonly took the side of the native chieftains against the
civil population. European colonization, hampered by the
ill-will of the Arab bureaux, then made little progress.
Revolt of 1864-1871.
It was at this period that the great insurrection of the
Walidsidi-Sheikh broke out in the Sud Oranais. This powerful
family had lived up to that time on a good understanding with
France; Si-Hamza, chief of the elder branch, had remained
until his death (1861) a faithful ally of France. Thanks to
him, the security of the southern frontier was assured. But
after his death his son, Si-Sliman, imbued with anti-French
sentiments, revolted in 1864 and massacred the Beaupretre
column. Several years were occupied in quelling the
insurrection. Compelled to guard themselves on the south
against the Walid-sidi-Sheikh,the French realized how
much they lost by not having the support of these great
chieftains. They then accepted the services offered to them
by Si-Sliman-ben- Kadour, chief of the younger branch of the
Walid-sidi-Sheikh, who maintained tranquillity in the Sud
Oranais during the great insurrection of Kabylia in 1871.
The causes of this insurrection were manifold, and, moreover,
interdependent: the injury done to the military prestige of
France by its defeats in Europe; the fall of the imperial
government, in which, in the eyes of the natives, the
authority of France was incarnate; and the insults offered
with impunity in the streets by the civil population to the
officers, who were loved and respected by the Arabs, at the
same time that the decree of Adolphe Cremieux accorded to
the Algerine Jews the rights of French citizens. The great
native chiefs, bewildered and disquieted, thought themselves
menaced. The insurrection was inevitable. Mokrani, bach-agha
of the Mejana, whom the imperial government had loaded with
honours, gave the signal. He had an interview with El Haddad,
the sheikh of the Khuans, the religious confraternity of
Sidi-Abd-er-Rahman, whose influence was great, and having
secured his support in April 1871, Mokrani proclaimed the holy
war. At the bidding of El Haddad the whole of Kabylia rose,
and numbers of French colonists were massacred; the columns of
Colonel Cerez and General F. G. Saussier had to engage in numerous
fights. The death of the bach-agha at the battle of Suflat,
the submission of the Sheikh El Haddad, and finally the arrest
of Bu-Meyrag, brother of Mokrani, mark the declining stages
of the insurrection, which was completely suppressed by August
1871. A heavy war contribution was imposed upon the rebels
and their lands were sequestrated. The Beni-Manassir, who
rose almost at the same time in the Dahra, were subdued soon
after. Subsequently the native population of the Algerine Tell
remained quiet, the massacre of the colonists at Margueritte
many years later being a local and isolated movement.
Since 1870.
Under the third republic Algeria was governed successively
by Admiral L. H. de Gueydon (March 1871 to June 1873),
General A. E. A. Chanzy (June 1873 to February 1879), J.
P. L. Albert Grevy (March 1879 to November 1881), Tirman
(November 1881 to April 1891), Jules Cambon (April 1891 to
September 1897), Louis Lepine (September 1897 to August
1898), E. J. Laferriere (August 1898 to October 1900),
Charles Jonnart (October 1900 to June 1901), A. J. P. Revoil
(June 1901 to April 1903), and again Jonnart. During the
first years of the new regime a keen reaction was produced
against the political system of the imperial government in
Africa. The civil territory was considerably enlarged at
the expense of the military. An effort was made to attract
French colonists to Algeria by gratuitous concessions of
land. Some lands were granted in particular to natives of
Alsace-Lorraine, who preferred to retain French nationality
after the war. Peasants from the south of France, whose vines
had been destroyed by the phylloxera, crossed the Mediterranean
and established in Algeria an important vineyard. This
double current of immigration notably increased the French
population of North Africa. The tendency then was to treat
Algeria as a piece of France. This assimilative policy
attained its culminating point in the so-called decrees of
rattachement (1881), in pursuance of which each ministerial
department in France was made responsible for Algerine
affairs which came by their nature within its jurisdiction.
After a great inquiry held in 1892 by a senatorial committee
a reaction was produced in France against this excessive
assimilation. The system of rattachement was in great part
abandoned, and decentralization was obtained by augmenting the
powers of the governor-general, and by granting to Algeria legal
personality and a special budget (see above, Central Government.)
These reforms appear to have given satisfaction to Algerian
opinion. Profoundly troubled as Algeria was in the last
years of the 19th century by the anti-Semitic agitation, which
occasioned frequent changes of governors, it appears to-day to
have turned aside from sterile political struggles to interest
itself exclusively in the economic development of the country.
The movement of expansion towards the south was continued under
the third republic. In 1873 General G. A. A. Gailifet entered El
