Golea. In 1882 the oasis of Mzab was annexed. In the Sud
Oranais an insurrection, fomented by a marabout named Bu-Amama,
broke out in 1881, and the insurgents massacred the European
labourers engaged in the collection of alfa (or esparto)
grass. But soon the French columns re-established peace, and
Bu-Amama had to take refuge in Morocco. In 1883 Si-Hamza, chief
of the elder branch of the Wahd-sidi-Sheikh, made his submission,
and since then that family has remained devoted to France.
The attempts at penetration into the extreme south, abandoned after
the massacre by Tuareg of a mission sent in 1881, under Colonel
Paul Flatters, to study the question of railway communication
with Senegal, were begun again in 1890, in which year the British
government recognized the western Sahara as within the French
sphere. Since then military stations and scientific and
commercial exploration have increased. But the results of
these efforts remained inconsiderable until the spring of 1900,
when the French authorities decided to occupy the oases of
Gurara, Tuat and Tidikelt. This being accomplished by March
1901, the conquest of the Algerine Sahara was from that time
completed, and nothing any longer hindered the attempts to
join Algeria and the Sudan across the Sahara. (A. GIR.)
BIBLIOORAPHY.--For a general account of Algeria, see Maurice
Wahl, L'Algerie (5th ed., Paris, 1908); P. Leroy-Beaulieu,
Algerie et Tunisie (2nd ed., Paris, 1897); J. A. Battandier
and L. Trabut, L'Algerie; le sol et les habitants (Paris,
1898), specially valuable for agriculture and fauna; Arthur
Girault, Principes de colonisation et de legislation
coloniale, Tome iii. ch. i.-viii. (3rd ed., Paris, 1908),
containing valuable bibliographies of works relating to
legislation, jurisprudence, &c.; Jules Duval, L'Algerie et
les colonies francaises (Paris, 1877). The Statistiaue
generale de l'Algerie is published periodically by the
Algerian government. The British Foreign Office publishes
annual Reports on the Trade of Algeria; Sir R. Lambert
Playfair's Handbook for Travellers in Algeria (Murray's
Handbooks), corrected to 1902, is a capital guide to the
country, as is also Algerie et Tunisie (Paris, 1906), in the
Guides- Joanne Series; the Bibliography of Algeria (London,
1888), and the Supplement to the Bibliography of Algeria
(London, 1898), by Sir Lambert Playfair, contain thousands
of entries and many notes. J. A. Battandier and L. Trabut,
Flore de l'Algerie (Algiers and Paris, 1884 and onwards),
contains a scientific and descriptive catalogue, in several
volumes, of the indigenous flora. For the geology of Algeria,
see M. A. Pomel, Description stratigraphique generale
de l'Algerie (1889), and numerous papers by E. Ficheur, L.
Gentil, G. Rolland, P. Thomas, and J. Welsch will be found
in the Bull. Soc. Geol. France, and Compt. Rend,
Acad. Sci. The volumes of the International Geological
Congress review Algerian geology. The French government
publication, Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie (20
vols., 1844-1853), gives the results of investigations made in
1840-1842. O. Depont and X. Conpolani, Les Confeeries
religiouses musulmanes (Algiers, 1897), and Carte de
l,Algerie . . . domaine geographique des confreries
(Algiers, 1898), have special reference to the Islamic sects in
Algeria. Stephane Gsell's Les monuments antiques de l'Algerie
(2 vols., Baris, 1901), one of the publications of the Service
des monuments historiques of the colony, is an authoritative
and finely illustrated work on the antiquities of Algeria.
For archaeology see also the bibliography in AFRICA, ROMAN.
The best best elementary work on the history of Algeria
is that of Cat, Petite histoire de l'Algerie (Algiers,
1889). For more profound researches consult: (a) for the
Turkish period: H. D. de Gramont, Histoire d'Alger sous la
domination turque (1887); Mercier, Histoire de l'Afrique
septenirionale (1888-1891); Eugene Plantet, Correspondance
des deys d'Alger avec la cour de France (1889--1892); Paul
Masson, Histoire dec etablissements et du commerce francais
dans l'Afrique barbaresque (1903); General Faure-Biguet,
Histoire de l'A.irique septentrionale sous la domination
musulmane (1905); (b) for the French period: Camille Rousset,
La Conquete d'Alger (8th ed., 1899), Les Commencements
d'une conquete; l,Algerie de 1830 a 1840, with atlas
(1887), and La Conquete de l'Algerie, 1841- 1857, with
atlas (1889); Pelissier, Annales algeriennes (1834); Leon
Roches, Trente-deux ans a travers l'Islam (1884-1837); Colonel
Trumelet, Histoire de l'insurrection des Guled-Sidi-Cheik
(1887); Rinn, Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 (1891).
The best general maps are those of the Carte de l'Algerie,
in numerous sheets, on the scale of 1:50,000 (published by
the Service geographique de l'Armee, Paris). (F. R. C.)
1 The name ``Great'' Atlas is more correctly
applied to the main range in Morocco.
2 The figures given are not those of the communes, but of the
towns proper, certain classes of persons (such as troops, lunatics,
convicts) excluded from the municipal franchise not being counted.
3 This western beylik corresponded roughly
with the former sultanate of Tlemcen (q.v..)
ALGHERO, a seaport and episcopal see on the W. coast of
Sardinia, in the province of Sassari, 21 m. S.S.W. by rail
from the town of Sassari. Pop. (1901) 10,779. The see was
founded in 1503, but the cathedral itself dates from the 12th
century, though it has been reconstructed. The town was strongly
fortified by medieval walls, which have to some extent been
demolished. It was originally founded by the Doria family of
Genoa about 1102, but was occupied by the house of Aragon in
1354, who held it successfully against various attacks until
it fell to the house of Savoy with the rest of Sardinia in
1720. Catalonian is still spoken here. Charles V. visited
Alghero on his way to Africa in 1541. The coral and fishing
industries are the most important in Alghero, but agriculture
has made some progress in the district, which produces good
wine. There is a large penal establishment containing over 700
convicts. Seven miles to the W.N.W. is the fine natural
harbour of Porto Conte, secure in all weather, and on the
W. of this harbour is the Capo Caccia, with two stalactite
grottos, the finest of which, the Grotta di Nettuno, is
accessible only from the sea. The important prehistoric
necropolis of Anghelu Ruju was excavated in 1904 61
m. N. of Alghero (Notizie degli Scavi, 1904, 301 seq.).
ALGIDUS MONS, a portion of the ridge forming the rim of the
larger crater of the Alban volcano (see ALBANUS MONS) and more
especially the eastern portion, traversed by a narrow opening
(now called the Cava d'Aglio) of which the Via Latina took
advantage, and which frequently appears in the early military
history of Rome. That a distinct town existed (Dion. Halic. x.
21, xi. 3) on the mountain is improbable; there must have been
a fortified post, but the extensive castle on the hill (Maschio
d'Ariano) to the south of the Via Latina is entirely medieval,
a fact which has not been recognized by some topographers.
ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands),
capital and largest city of Algeria, North Africa, seat of the
governor- general, of a court of appeal, and of an archbishop,
and station of the French XIX. corps d'armee. It is situated
on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean, to which it
gives its name, in 36 deg. 47' N., 3 deg. 4' E., and is built on
the slopes of the Sahel, a chain of hills parallel to the
coast. The view of the city from the sea is one of great
beauty. Seen from a distance it appears like a succession
of dazzling white terraces rising from the water's edge. The
houses being seemingly embowered in the luxuriant verdure of
the Sahel, the effect is imposing and picturesque, and has
given rise to the Arab comparison of the town to a diamond
set in an emerald frame. The city consists of two parts;
the modern French town, built on the level ground by the
seashore, and the ancient city of the deys, which climbs
the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the
kasbah or citadel, 400 ft. above the sea. The kasbah forms
the apex of a triangle of which the quays form the base.
Extending along the front of the town is the boulevard de la
Republique, a fine road built by Sir Morton Peto on a series of
arches, with a frontage of 3700 ft., and bordered on one side
by handsome buildings, whilst a wide promenade overlooking the
harbour runs along the other. Two inclined roads lead from
the centre of the boulevard to the quay 40 ft. below. On the
quay are the landing-stages, the custom-house and the railway
station. At the southern end of the boulevard de la Republique
is the square de la Republique, formerly the place Bresson,
in which is the municipal theatre; at the other extremity of
the boulevard is the place du Gouvernement, which is planted
on three sides with a double row of plane trees and is the
fashionable resort for evening promenade. The principal streets
of the city meet in the place du Gouvernement: the rue Bab
Azoun (Gate of Grief) which runs parallel to the boulevard de
la Republique; the rue Bab-el-Oued (River Gate) which goes
north to the site of the old arsenal demolished in 1900; the
rue de la Marine which leads to the ancient harbour, and in
which are the two principal mosques. A large part of the
modern town lies south of the square de la Republique; in
this quarter are the law courts, hotel de ville, post office
and other public buildings. The streets in the modern town
are regularly laid out; several are arcaded on both sides.
The old town presents a strong contrast to the new town. The
streets are narrow, tortuous and inaccessible to carriages.
They often end in a cul-de-sac. The principal street is
the rue de la Kasbah, which leads up to the citadel by 497
steps. The streets are joined by alleys just wide enough to pass
through. The houses, built of stone and whitewashed, are
square, substantial, flat-topped buildings, presenting to the
street bare walls, with a few slits protected by iron gratings
in place of windows. Each house has a quadrangle in the centre,
into which it looks, and which is entered by a low, narrow
doorway. Shops in the native quarter are simply chambers in
the walls of the houses, and open at the front. In these shops
the few Moorish industries are carried on, such as embroidery
in gold and silver thread, the making of kid slippers of every
kind and colour, the manufacture of gold and silver ornaments.
To European eyes the native city, with its motley throng of
Moors, Arabs, Jews and negroes, is the most interesting sight in
Algiers. Various squares are set apart for markets, and
here are to be witnessed scenes of the greatest animation.
The public buildings of chief interest are the kasbah, the
government offices (formerly the British consulate), the
palaces of the governor-general and the archbishop--all
these are fine Moorish houses; the ``Grand'' and the ``New',
Mosques, the Roman Catholic cathedral of St Philippe, the
church of the Holy Trinity (Church of England), and the
Bibliotheque Nationale d'Alger--a Turkish palace built in
1799-1800. The kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older
building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French
conquest. A road has been cut through the centre of the
building, the mosque turned into barracks, and the hall of
audience allowed to fall into ruin. There still remain a
minaret and some marble arches and columns. Traces exist
