Phycologicae,'' Nova Acta reg. soc. sci. Upsaliensis
(Upsala, 1866-1875); F. F. Blackman, ``The Primitive Algae
and the Flagellata,'' Ann. of Botany (vol. xiv., Oxford,
1900); E. Bornet and G. Thuret, Notes agologiques (fasc.
i.-ii., Paris, 1876-1880); P. A. Dangeard, ``Recherches sur
les algues inferieures,'' Ann. des sci. naturelles, Bot.
(vol. vii., Paris, 1888); A. Derbes and A. J. J. Solier,
Momoire de la physiologie des algues (Paris, 1856); J.
B. de Toni, Sylloge Algarum---vol. i. Chlorophyceae,
vol. ii. Bacillariaceae, vol. iii. Fucoideae, vol. iv.
Florideae (Padua, 1889-1900); P. Falkenberg, ``Die Algen
im weitesten Sinne,'' Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik (vol.
ii., 1882); W. G. Farlow, Morine Algae of New England
(Washington, 1881); W. H. Harvey, Phycologia Britannica (4
vols., London, 1846-1855); Nereis Boreali-Americana (3
pts., Washington, 1851-1858); Phycologia Australica (5
vols., London, 1858-1863); F. Hauck, ``Die Meeresalgen
Deutschlands und Osterrichs,'' Rabenhort's Kryptogamen-Flora
(Leipzig, 1885); F. R. Kjellman, The Algae of the Arctic Sea
(Stockholm, 1883); F. T. Kutzing, Tabulae Phycologicae (19
vols., Nordhausen, 1845-1869); P. Kuckuck, Beitrage zur
Kenntniss der Meercsalgen (Kiel and Leipzig, 1897-1899); G.
Murray, Phycological Memoirs (London, 1892-1895) Naegeli,
Die neueren Algensysteme (Zurich, 1847); F. Oltmanns,
Morphologie und Biologie der Algen (Jena, Band i. 1904,
Band ii. 1905); N. Pringsheim, ``Beitrage zur Morphologie
der Meeresalgen,'' Abhand. Konigl. Akad. der Wissensch.
(Berlin, 1862); J. Reinke, Atlas deutscher Meeresalgen
(Berlin, 1889-1892); F. Schutt, Das Pflanzenleben der
Hochsee (Leipzig, 1893); J. Stackhouse, Nereis britannica
(ed. i., Bath, 1801; ed. ii., Oxford, 1816); G. Thuret and E.
Bornet, Etudes phycologiques (Paris, 1878); D. Turner,
Historia Fucorum (4 vols., London, 1808-1819); G. Zanardini,
Iconographia Phycologia Adriatica (Venice, 1860-1876).
1. CYANOPHYCEAE.--E. Bornet and Ch. Flahault, ``Revision
des Nostocacees heterocystees,'' Ann. des sc.
naturelles, Bot.(vols. iii.-vii., Paris, 1887-1888); M.
Gomont, ``Monographic des Oscillariees,'' Ann. des sc.
naturelles, Bot. (vols. xv.-xvi., Paris, 1893); Hegler,
``Uber Kerntheilungserscheinungen,'' Ref. Botan. Centralbl.
(vol. lxiv., Cassel, 1895); O. Kirchner, ``Schizophyceae'',
in Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1900).
2. CHLOROPHYCEAE.--A. Borzi, ``Studi anamorfici di alcune
alghe verdi,'' Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. in N. Giorn. Bot.
Ital. (vol. xxii., Pisa, 1890); F. F. Blackman and A. G.
Tansley, A Revision of the Classification of the Green
Algae, reprinted from the New Phytologist (vol. i., London,
1903); K. Bohlin, ``Studier ofver nagra slagten af alggruppen
confervales Borzi,'' Bihang till K. Svenska vel. akad.
Handlinger (Bd. xxiii. afd. 3, 1897);--Ufkasttill, De grona
algernas och arkegomiaternas bylogeni (Upsala, 1901); R.
Chodat, ``On the Polymorphism of the Green Algae,'' Ann.
of Botany (vol. xi., Oxford, 1897); M. C. Cooke, British
Freshwater Algae (2 vols., London, 1884), British Desmids
(London, 1887); G. Klebs, Die Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung
bei einigen Algen und Pilzen (Jena, 1896); A. Luther, ``Uber
Chlorosaccus, n.g.'' Bihang till K. Svenska vel. akad.
Handlinger (Bd. xxiv. afd. 3, 1899); H. Grat zu Solms-Laubach,
``Monograph of the Acetabulariaceae,'' Trans. Linn. Soc.
(Lond.) Bot. (London, 1895); N. Wille, ``Chlorophyceae'',
in Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1897).
3. PHAEOPHYCEAE.--E. A. L. Batters, ``On Ectocarpus secundus,''
Grevillea (vol. xxi., London, 1893); G. Berthold, ``Die
geschlechliche Fortpflanzung der eigentlichen Phaeosooreen,''
Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel (vol. ii., Leipzig, 1881); G.
Brebner, ``On the Classification of the Tilopteridaceae,''
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (vol. viii., Bristol, 1896-1897);
A. H. Church, ``On the Polymorphy of Cutleria multiflda,''
Ann. of Botany (vol. xii., Oxford, 1898); J. B. Farmer
esnd J. Ll. Williams, ``Contributions to our Knowledge
of the Life- history and Cytology of Fucaceae,'' Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. (vol. cxc., London, 1898); E. Janczewski,
``Observations sur l'accroissement du thalle des Phaeosporees,''
Mem. soc. nat. de sc. (Cherbourg, 1895); F. R. Kjellmann,
``Phaeophyceae,'' in Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilian
(Leipzig, 1897); F. Oltmanns, ``Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
Fucaceen,'' Bibliotheca botanica, xiv. (Cassel, 1889); C.
Sauvageau, ``Observations relatives a la sexualite des
Phaeosporees,'' Journal de botanique (vol. x., Paris,
1896); E. Strasburger, ``Kerntheilung und Befruchtung bei
Fucus,'' Cytologische Studien (Berlin, 1897); F. Schutt,
Die Peridinien der Plankton-Expedition (Kiel and Leipzig,
1895); R. Valiante, Le Cystoseirae del Golfo di Napoli
(Leipzig, 1883); J. Ll. Williams, ``On the Antherozoids of
Dictyota and Taonia,'' Ann. of Botany (vol. xi., Oxford, 1897).
4. RHODOPHYCEAE.--G. Berthold, ``Die Bangiacen des Golfes
von Neapel,'' Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel (Naples, 1882);
F. Oltmanns, ``Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Florideen,''
Botanische Zeitung (1898); R. W. Philligs, ``The Development
of the Cystocarp in Rhodymeniales,'' i. and ii., Annals
of Botany (vols. xi. xii., Oxford. 1897-1898); F. Schmitz,
``Untersuchungen uber die Befruchtung der Florideen,''
Sitzungsber. der konigl. Akad.der Wissensch. (Berlin,
1883); ``Kleinere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Florideen,''
La Nuova Notarisia, 1892-1894; F. Schmitz, P. Falkenberg,
P. Hauptfleisch, ``Rhodophyceae,'' in Engler and Prantl's
Pflanzenfamilien (1897); W. Schmidle, ``Die Befruchtung,
Keimung und Haarinsertion von Batrachospermum,'' Bot.
Zeitung.. (1899); Sirodot, Les Batrachospermes (Paris,
1884); N. Wille, ``Uber die Befruchtung bei Nemalion
multifidum,'' Ber. d. deutschen bot. Gesellsc. Band
xii. (Berlin, 1894); J. J. Wolfe, ``Cytological Studies on
Nemalion,'' Annals of Botany (vol. xviii., Oxford, 1904);
S. Yamanouchi, ``The Life- History of Polysiphonia violacea,''
Botanical Gazette (vol. xli., Chicago, 1906). (R. W. P.)
ALGARDI, ALESSANDRO (1602-1654), Italian sculptor, was born
at Bologna in 1602. While he was attending the school of the
Caracci his preference for the plastic art became evident,
and he placed himself under the instruction of the sculptor
Conventi. At the age of twenty he was brought under the
notice of Duke Ferdinand of Mantua, who gave him several
commissions. He was also much employed about the same period
by jewellers and others in modelling in gold, silver and
ivory. After a short residence in Venice he went to Rome in
1625 with an introduction from the duke of Mantua to the pope's
nephew, Cardinal Ludovisi, who employed him for a time in
the restoration of ancient statues. The death of the duke of
Mantua left him to his own resources, and for several years
he earned a precarious maintenance from these restorations
and the commissions of goldsmiths and jewellers. In 1640 he
executed for Pietro Buoncompagni his first work in marble, a
colossal statue of San Filippo Neri, with kneeling angels.
Immediately after, he produced a similar group, representing
the execution of St Paul, for the church of the Barnabite
Fathers in Bologna. These works, displaying great technical
skill, though with considerable exaggeration of expression
and attitude, at once established Algardi's reputation, and
other commissions followed in rapid succession. The turning
point in Algardi's fortune was the accession of Innocent
X., of the Bolognese house of Panfili, to the papal throne in
1644. He was employed by Camino Panfili, nephew of the pontiff,
to design the Villa Doria Panfili outside the San Pancrazio
gate. The most important of Algardi's other works were the
monument of Leo XI., a bronze statue of Innocent X. for the
capitol, and, above all, La Fuega d'Attila, the largest
alto-relievo in the world, the two principal figures being
about 10 ft. high. In 1650 Algardi met Velasquez, who
obtained some interesting orders for his Italian companion in
Spain. Thus there are four chimneys by Algardi in the palace
of Aranjuez, where also the figures on the fountain of Neptune
were executed by him. The Augustine monastery at Salamanca
contains the tomb of the count and countess de Monterey, which
was also the work of Algardi. From an artistic point of view,
he was most successful in his portrait-statues and groups of
children, where he was obliged to follow nature most closely.
In his later years he became very avaricious and amassed a
great fortune. He died in Rome on the 10th of June 1654.
See Le arti di Bologna disegnate da A. Caracci ed intagliati da
S. Giulini, con' assistenza d' Alessandro A. Algardi (1740).
ALGAROTH, POWDER OF, a basic chloride of antimony. It was
known to Basil Valentine, and was used medicinally by the
Veronese physician Victor Algarotus about the end of the 16th
century. Its composition is probably Sb4O5Cl2, and it may be
prepared by the addition of much water to a solution of antimony
chloride; a bulky amorphous precipitate being formed, which,
on standing, gradually becomes crystalline. It is soluble in
hydrochloric acid and tartaric acid, but insoluble in alcohol.
On its composition and preparation see E. Peligot, Annalen,
1847, lxiv. 280; L. Schaffer, Annalen, 1869, clii. 314;
and R. W. E. MacIvor, Chem. News, 1875, xxxii. 229.
ALGAROTTI, FRANCESCO, COUNT (1712-1764), Italian philosopher
and writer on art, was born on the 11th of December 1712 at
Venice, and died at Pisa in 1764. He studied at Rome and
Bologna, and at the age of twenty went to Paris, where
he enjoyed the friendship of Voltaire and produced his
great work Neutonianismo per le dame, a work on optics.
Voltaire called him his cher cygne de Padoue. Returning
from a journey to Russia, he met Frederick the Great who
made him a count of Prussia (1740) and court chamberlain
(1747). Augustus III. of Poland honoured him with the title of
councillor. In 1754, after seven years' residence partly in
Berlin and partly in Dresden, he returned to Italy, living
at Venice and then at Pisa, where he died on the 3rd of May
1764. Frederick the Great erected to his memory a monument
on the Campo Santo at Pisa. He was a man of wide knowledge,
a connoisseur in art and music, and the friend of most of
the leading authors of his time. His chief work on art
is the Saggi sopra le belle arti (``Essays on the Fine
Arts''). Among his other works may be mentioned Poems,
Travels in Russia, Essay on Painting, Correspondence.
The best complete edition with biography
was published by D. Michelessi (1791-1794).
ALGARVE, or ALGARVES, an ancient kingdom and province
in the extreme S. of Portugal, corresponding with the modern
administrative district of Faro, and bounded on the N. by
Alemtejo, E. by the Spanish province of Huelva, and S. and W.
by the Atlantic Ocean. Pop. (1900) 255,191; area, 1937 sq.
m. The greatest length of the province is about 85 m. from
E. to W.; its average breadth is about 22 m. from N. to S.
The Serra de Malhao and the Serra de Monchique extend in the
form of a crescent across the northern part of the province,
and, sweeping to the south-west, terminate in the lofty
promontory of Cape St Vincent, the south-west extremity of
Europe. This headland is famous as the scene of many
sea-fights, notably the defeat inflicted on the Spanish
fleet in February 1797 by the British under Admiral Jervis,
afterwards Earl St Vincent. Between the mountainous tracts
in the north and the southern coast stretches a narrow
