viceregal domain. He restored its water communication with
the Nile by making the Mahmudiya canal, finished in 1820; and
he established at Ras et-Tin his favourite residence. The
Old Eunostus harbour became the port, and a flourishing city
arose on the old Pharos island and the Heptastadium district,
with outlying suburbs and villa residences along the coast
eastwards and the Mareotic shore. Being the starting-point
of the ``overland route'' to India, and the residence of the
chief foreign consuls, it quickly acquired a European character
and attracted not only Frank residents, but great numbers of
Greeks, Jews and Syrians. There most of the negotiations
between the powers and Mehemet All were conducted; thence
started the Egyptian naval expeditions to Crete, the Morea
and Syria; and thither sailed the betrayed Ottoman fleet in
1839. It was twice threatened by hostile fleets, the Greek in
1827 and the combined British, French and Russian squadrons in
1828. The latter withdrew on the viceroy's promise that
Ibrahim should evacuate the Morea. The fortifications
were strengthened in 1841, and remained in an antiquated
condition until 1882, when they were renovated by Arabi
Pasha. Alexandria was connected with Cairo by railway in
1856. Much favoured by the earlier viceroys of Mehemet Ali's
house, and removed from the Mameluke troubles, Alexandria was
the real capital of Egypt till Said Pasha died there in 1863
and Ismail came into power. Though this prince continued to
develop the city, giving it a municipality in 18661 and new
harbour works in 1871-1878, he developed Cairo still more; and
the centre of gravity definitely shifted to the inland capital.
Bombardment of 1882.
Fate, however, again brought Alexandria to the front. After
a mutiny of soldiers there in 1881, the town was greatly
excited by the arrival of an Anglo-French fleet in May 1882,
and on the 11th of June a terrible riot and massacre took
place, resulting in the death of four hundred Europeans.
Since satisfaction was not given for this and the forts were
being strengthened at the instigation of Arabi Pasha, the
war minister, the British admiral, Sir Beauchamp Seymour
(afterwards Lord Alcester), sent an ultimatum on the 10th of
July and opened fire on the forts the next day. They were
demolished, but as no troops were landed immediately a fresh
riot and massacre ensued. As Arabi did not submit, a British
military expedition landed at Alexandria on the 10th of
August, the sequel being the British occupation of the whole
country, the history of which is set forth under EGYPT.
Since the restoration of tranquillity and the establishment
of sound political and economic conditions in the Nile valley,
Alexandria has greatly expanded. As the British consular
report for 1904 says, ``Building . . . for residential and
other purposes proceeds with almost feverish rapidity. The
cost of living has doubled and the price of land has risen
enormously.'' On the E. and S.E. a new town of handsome
houses, gardens and boulevards has been called into existence,
in the arrangement of which the controlling influence of
the municipality is evident (see Modern Gity above).
IV. Antiquities.--Persistent efforts have been made to explore
the antiquities of Alexandria. Encouragement and help have
been given by the local Archaeological Society, and by many
individuals, notably Greeks justly proud of a city which is
one of the glories of their national story. The past and
present directors of the museum have been enabled from time
to time to carry out systematic excavations when opportunity
offered; Mr D. G. Hogarth made tentative researches on behalf
of the Egypt Exploration Fund and the Society for the Promotion
of Hellenic Studies in 1895; and a German expedition worked
for two years (1898-1899). But two difficulties face the
would-be excavator in Alexandria. First, since the great
and growing modern city stands right over the ancient one,
it is almost impossible to find any considerable space in
which to dig, except at enormous cost. Second, the general
subsidence of the coast has sunk the lower-lying parts of
the ancient town under water. Unfortunately the spaces
still most open are the low grounds to N.E. and S.W., where
it is practically impossible to get below the Roman strata.
The most important results were those achieved by Dr G.
Botti, late director Of the museum, in the neighbourhood
of ``Pompey's Pillar,'' where there is a good deal of open
ground. Here substructures of a large building or group of
buildings have been exposed, which are perhaps part of the
Serapeum. Hard by immense catacombs and columbaria
have been opened which may have been appendages of the
temple. These contain one very remarkable vault with curious
painted reliefs, now lighted by electricity and shown to
visitors. The objects found in these researches are in the
museum, the most notable being a great basalt bull, probably
once an object of cult in the Serapeum. Other catacombs and
tombs have been opened in Kore es-Shugafa Hadra (Roman) and
Ras et-Tin (painted). The Germans found remains of a Ptolemaic
colonnade and streets in the north-east of the city, but little
else. Mr Hogarth explored part of an immense brick structure
under the mound of Kom ed-Dik, which may have been part of
the Paneum, the Mausolea or a Roman fortress. The making of
the new foreshore led to the dredging up of remains of the
Patriarchal Church; and the foundations of modern buildings
are seldom laid without some objects of antiquity being
discovered. The wealth underground is doubtless immense;
but, despite all efforts, there is not much for antiquarians
to see in Alexandria outside the museum and the neighbourhood
of ``Pompey's Pillar.'' The native tomb- robbers, well-sinkers,
dredgers and the like, however, come upon valuable objects from
time to time, which find their way into private collections.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--(1) Modern City. See latest editions of
guidebooks to Lower Egypt (Baedeker, Murray, Macmillan). (2)
History. See authorities for history of EGYPT. (3) Ancient
City and Antiquities. Mahmud Bey el Fallaki, Memoire
sur l'antique Alexandrie (1872); T. D. Neroutsos, L'A
ncienne A lexandrie ( I 888) D.G. Hogarth and E. F.
Benson, Report on Prospects of Research in Alexandria Egypt
Expl. Fund Archaeological Report, 1894-1895); Bulletin
de la Societe Archeologique d'Alexandrie(1898 foll.);
O. Puchstein in Pauly- Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, s.v.
``Alexandria''; U. Wilcken, Observationes ad historiam
Egypti Provinciae Romanae (1885); G. Lumbroso, L'Egitto
al tempo dei Greci e dei Romani (1882); H. Kiepert, Zur
Topographie des alten Alexandria (1872). (D. G. H.)
1 This municipality was superseded by a new municipal
body, with extensive powers, created in 1890.
ALEXANDRIA, a city of Madison county, Indiana, U.S.A., about 46
m. N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. (1890) 715; (1900) 7221,
(1002 foreign-born); (1910) 5096. Alexandria is served by the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Lake Erie
& Western railways, and by the Indiana Union Traction System
(electric). In the city are a Carnegie library and Beulah
Park (24 acres), the latter belonging to the Northern Indiana
Holiness Association, which there holds summer camp-meetings.
The city is in a rich farming country, which produces Indian
corn, oats and wheat; and is in the Indiana natural gas region,
to which fact it owes its rapid growth as a manufacturing
centre. It is one of the principal seats of the glass
industry in Indiana-- plate glass, lamp chimneys, mirrors,
&c., being manufactured here--and also has mineral wool
factories and paper mills. The municipality owns and operates
the water-works and the gas-lighting plant. Alexandria
was founded in 1836 and was chartered as a city in 1893.
ALEXANDRIA, a city of Louisiana, U.S.A., capital of Rapides
Parish, on the S. bank of the Red river in almost the exact
geographical centre of the state. Pop. (1890) 2861; (1900)
5648 (3142 negroes); (1910) 11,213. The city is served
by the Louisiana Railway & Navigation Company, the St
Louis, Watkins & Gulf, the Texas & Pacific, the Louisiana &
Arkansas, the Southern Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific, and the Missouri Pacific railways. The Red river is
navigable to Alexandria during the entire year. Alexandria
is on a level plain in the centre of the Louisiana long-leaf
pine forests, in which pine is interspersed with various
hardwoods. The forests stretch on all sides within a radius of 75
m. In the immediate vicinity of the city, on the Red river,
cotton, sugar, alfalfa and garden vegetables are cultivated;
south of the Red river is a peculiarly rich farming country
watered by Bayou Rapides and Bayou Boeuf. Near the city is
the Louisiana Asylum for the Insane. The principal industaes
are cotton- pressing and the manufacture of lumber and of
cotton-seed products; sugar and molasses, artificial ice,
mineral waters and brick are other manufactures. The city
owns and operates the water-works and electric-lighting plant;
the water-supply is derived from artesian wells. Alexandria
was named in honour of Alexander Fulton, on whose grant from
Spain the first settlement was made in 1785; it was first
incorporated as a town in 1818 and received a city charter in
1882. In the spring of 1863 a Union fleet under Admiral David
D. Porter, operating on the Red river, co-operated with land
forces under General N. P. Banks in pushing the Confederates
westward. Alexandria was occupied on the 7th of May 1863,
but the troops were soon withdrawn for the Port Hudson
attack. On the 19th of March 1864 it was again occupied by
the Union forces, who made it the point of concentration for
another land and naval expedition against E. Kirby Smith and
Shreveport. After the check of this expedition and its
abandonment, Alexandria was again vacated on the 12th-13th of
May, when the city was almost entirely burned. The Union
gunboats, which had passed up the river toward Shreveport
at high water, were caught in its decline above the falls at
Alexandria, but they were saved by a splendid piece of engineering
(a dam at the falls), constructed by Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph
Bailey (1827-1867), who for this service received the thanks
of Congress and the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers.
ALEXANDRIA, a town of Rumania, situated among the rich
corn-lands of the Teleorman department, on the right bank of
the river Vedea. Pop. (1900) 13,675. Its chief trade is in
grain, despatched by rail to the Danubian port of Zimnicea, or
by river to Giurgevo. Alexandria was named after its founder,
Alexander John Cuza, prince of Rumania from 1859 to 1866.
ALEXANDRIA, a manufacturing town of Dumbartonshire,
Scotland, situated on the right bank of the Leven about 3
m. north of Dumbarton, on the North British and Caledonian
railways. It owes its origin almost entirely to the cotton
printing and bleaching works of the vicinity, for which there
is an abundant supply of excellent water, and contains one
of the largest of the Turkey-red dyeing establishments in the
Vale of Leven. The public buildings include a public hall,
the mechanics' institute with library and lecture-hall, an
institute for men, with library and recreation rooms, a similar
institution for women, banks and other important commercial
offices. Pop. (1891) 7796; (1901) 8007. Alexandria is
connected with BONHILL, on the opposite bank of the river,
by a bridge which replaced in 1898 one bought three years
earlier by the county council from the Smollett family, who
