of the other cotton ``states,'' withdrew. Upon the election
of Abraham Lincoln, Governor Andrew B. Moore, according to
previous instructions of the legislature, called a state
convention on the 7th of January 1861 After long debate this
convention adopted on the 11th of January an ordinance of
secession, and Alabama became one of the Confederate states of
America, whose government was organized at Montgomery on the 4th
of February 1861. Yet secession was opposed by many prominent
men, and in North Alabama an attempt was made to organize
a neutral state to be called Nickajack; but with President
Lincoln's call to arms all opposition to secession ended.
In the early part of the Civil War Alabama was not the scene
of military operations, yet the state contributed about
120,000 men to the Confederate service, practically all her
white population capable of bearing arms, and thirty-nine
of these attained the rank of general. In 1863 the Federal
forces secured a foothold in northern Alabama in spite of
the opposition of General Nathan B. Forrest, one of the
ablest Confederate cavalry leaders. In 1864 the defences
of Mobile were taken by a Federal fleet, but the city held
out until April 1865; in the same month Selma also fell.
According to the presidential plan of reorganization, a
provisional governor for Alabama was appointed in June 1865; a
state convention met in September of the same year, and declared
the ordinance of secession null and void and slavery abolished;
a legislature and a governor were elected in November, the
legislature was at once recognized by the National government,
and the inauguration of the governor-elect was permitted after
the legislature had, in December, ratified the thirteenth
amendment. But the passage, by the legislature, of vagrancy
and apprenticeship laws designed to control the negroes who
were flocking from the plantations to the cities, and its
rejection of the fourteenth amendment, so intensified the
congressional hostility to the presidential plan that the
Alabama senators and representatives were denied their seats in
Congress. In 1867 the congressional plan of reconstruction
was completed and Alabama was placed under military
government. The negroes were now enrolled as voters and
large numbers of white citizens were disfranchised.4 A Black
Man's Party, composed of negroes, and political adventurers
known as ``carpet-baggers,'' was formed, which co-operated
with the Republican party. A constitutional convention,
controlled by this element, met in November 1867, and framed
a constitution which conferred suffrage on negroes and
disfranchised a large class of whites. The Reconstruction Acts
of Congress required every new constitution to be ratified by
a majority of the legal voters of the state. The whites of
Alabama therefore stayed away from the polls, and, after five
days of voting, the constitution wanted 13,550 to secure a
majority. Congress then enacted that a majority of the
votes cast should be sufficient, and thus the constitution
went into effect, the state was admitted to the Union in
June 1868, and a new governor and legislature were elected.
The next two years are notable for legislative extravagance and
corruption. The state endorsed railway bonds at the rate of
$12,000 and $16,000 a mile until the state debt had increased
from eight millions to seventeen millions of dollars, and similar
corruption characterized local government. The native white
people united, formed a Conservative party and elected a governor
and a majority of the lower house of the legislature in 1870;
but, as the new administration was largely a failure, in 1872
there was a reaction in favour of the Radicals, a local term
applied to the Republican party, and affairs went from bad to
worse. In 1874, however, the power of the Radicals was
finally broken, the Conservative Democrats electing all state
officials. A commission appointed to examine the state debt
found it to be $25,503,000; by compromise it was reduced to
$15,000,000. A new constitution was adopted in 1875, which
omitted the guaranty of the previous constitution that no one
should be denied suffrage on account of race, colour or previous
condition of servitude, and forbade the state to engage in internal
improvements or to give its credit to any private enterprise.
Since 1874 the Democratic party has had constant control of
the state administration, the Republicans failing to make
nominations for office in 1878 and 1880 and endorsing the ticket
of the Greenback party in 1882. The development of mining and
manufacturing was accompanied by economic distress among the
farming classes, which found expression in the Jeffersonian
Democratic party, organized in 1892. The regular Democratic
ticket was elected and the new party was then merged into
the Populist party. In 1894 the Republicans united with the
Populists, elected three congressional representatives, secured
control of many of the counties, but failed to carry the state,
and continued their opposition with less success in the next
campaigns. Partisanship became intense, and charges of corruption
of the ignorant negro electorate were made. Consequently
after division on the subject among the Democrats themselves,
as well as opposition of Republicans and Populists, a new
constitution with restrictions on suffrage was adopted in 1901.
The following is a list of the territorial and state governors of Alabama:--
Governors of the Territory.
William Wyatt Bibb . . . . 1817-1819
Governors of the State.
William Wyatt Bibb . . . . 1819-1820 Democrat.
Thomas Bibb 5 . . . . . . 1820-1821 "
Israel Pickens . . . . . . 1821-1825 "
John Murphy . . . . . . . 1825-1829 "
Gabriel cloore . . . . . . 1829-1831 "
Samuel B. Moore . . . . . 1831 "
John Gayle . . . . . . . . 1831-1835 "
Clement C. Clay . . . . . 1835-1837 "
Hugh M`Vay 6 . . . . . . . 1837 "
Arthur P. Bagby . . . . . 1837-1841 "
Benjamin Fitzpatrick 7 . . 1841-1845 "
Joshua L. Martin . . . . . 1845-1847 "
Reuben Chapman . . . . . . 1847-1849 "
Henry W. Collier . . . . . 1849-1853 "
John A. Winston . . . . . 1853-1857 "
Adrew B. Moore . . . . . . 1857-1861 "
John Gill Shorter . . . . 1861-1863 "
Thomas H. Watts . . . . . 1863-1865 "
Lewis E. Parsons . . . . . 1865 Provisional.
Robert M. Patton . . . . . 1865-1867 Republican.
Wager Swayne . . . . . . . 1867-1868 Military.
William H. Smith . . . . . 1868-1870 Republican.
Robert B. Lindsay . . . . 1870-1872 Democrat.
David P. Lewis . . . . . . 1872-1874 Republican.
Ceorge S. Houston . . . . 1874-1878 Democrat.
Rufus W. Cobb . . . . . . 1878-1882 "
Edward A. O'Neal . . . . . 1882-1886 "
Thomas Seay . . . . . . . 1886-1890 "
Thomas G. Jones . . . . . 1890-1894 "
William C. Oates . . . . . 1894-1896 "
Joseph F. Johnston . . . . 1896-1900 "
William J. Samford . . . . 1900-1901 "
William D. Jellis . . . . 1901-1907 "
B. B. Comer . . . . . . . 1907 "
BIBLIOGRAPHY.---For an elaborate bibliography of Alabama
(by Thomas M. Owen) see the Annual Report of the American
Historical Association for 1807 (Washington, 1898).
Information regarding the resources, climate, population
and industries of Alabama may be found in the reports of the
United Statescensus,and in the publications of the United
States Department of Agriculture, the United States Geological
Survey, the Bulletins of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment
Station (published at Auburn, from 1888), the Bulletins
and Reports of the Alabama Geological Survey (published at
Tuscaloosa and Montgomery), and in the following works:--B.
F. Riley's Alabama As It Is (Montgomery, 1893), and Saffold
Berney's Handbook of Alabama (2nd ed., Birmingham, 1892)
Information concerning the history of the state may be obtained
in William G. Brown's History of Alabama (New York, 1900);
Newton W. Bates's History and Civil Government of Alabama
(Florence, Ala, 1892); Willis Brewer's Alabama: Her History,
Resources, War Record and Public Men (Montgomery, 1872); A.
Davis Smith's and T. A. Deland's Northern Alabama, Historical
and Biographical (Birmingham, 1888); Albert J. Pickett's
History of Alabama (5th ed., 2 vols., Birmingham, Ala., 1900),
which contains a valuable compilation of the ``Annals of Alabama
from 1819 to 1900,'' by Thomas M. Owen; and Walter L. Fleming's
Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York, 1905). .
In addition, W. G. Clark's History of Education in Alabama
(Washington, 1889); W. E. Martin's Internal Improvements
in Alabama (Baltimore, 1902; Johns Hopkins University
Studies, (Series 20, No. 4); and W. L. Martin's Code of
Alabama (2 vols., Atlanta, Ga., 1897) may be consulted.
Information concerning the aboriginal remains in the state may
be found in two papers by Clarence B. Moore, ``Certain Aboriginal
Remains of the Tombigbee River'' and ``Certain Aboriginal Remains
of the Alabama River,'' published in the Journal of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, series 2, vol. ii. (Philadelphia, 1900).
1 The special census of manufactures taken in 1905 was
confined to manufacturing establishments conducted under
the ``factory system.'' According to this census the capital
invested was $105,382,859, and the value of products was
$109,169,922. The corresponding figures for 1900, if the
same standard be taken for purposes of comparison, would be
$60,165,904 and $72,109,929. During the five years, therefore,
the capital invested in establishments under the factory
system increased 75.2%, and the value of products 51.4%.
2 The railway mileage of the state on
the 31st of December 1906 was 4805.58 m.
3 In Giles v. Harris, 189 U.S. 474, a negro asked that the
defendant board of registry be required to enrol his name and
the names of other negroes on the registration lists, and that
certain sections of the constitution of Alabama be declared void
as being contrary to the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments
to the federal constitution. The Supreme Court dismissed
the bill on the grounds that equity has no jurisdiction over
political matters; that, assuming the fraudulent character
of the objectionable constitutional provisions, the court
was in effect asked to assist in administering a fraud;
and that relief ``must be given by them [the people of the
state] or By the legislative and political departments of the
government of the United States.'' The case attracted much
attention; and it is often erroneously said that the court
upheld the disfranchising clauses of the Alabama constitution.
4 The enrolment was 104,318 blacks and 61,295 whites.
5 William Wyatt Bibb died in 1820, and Thomas Bibb, then president
of the state senate, filled the unexpired term of one year (1820).
6 In 1837 Governor Clay was elected United States Senator, and Hugh
M`Vay, the president of the state senate, filled the unexpired term.
7 Until 1845 the term of state officials was one year; from then
until 1901 it was two years; since 1901 it has been four years.
``ALABAMA'' ARBITRATION.---This is one of those arbitrations
on pecuniary claims, made by one state, on behalf of its
subjects, against another state, which are referred to in the
article ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. The case is important,
