entered the French army, in which he rose to be colonel and
aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult. He was exiled in 1815, and
immediately started business as a commission-agent in Paris,
where, chiefly through his family connexions in Havana and
Mexico, he acquired in a few years enough wealth to enable
him to undertake banking. The Spanish government gave him
full powers to negotiate the loans of 1823, 1828, 1830 and
1831; and Ferdinand VII. rewarded him with the title of
marquis, the decorations of several orders and valuable mining
concessions in Spain. Aguado also negotiated the Greek loan of
1834. In 1828, having become possessed of large estates in
France, including the chateau Margaux, famous for its wine,
he was naturalized as a French citizen. He died at Gijon in
Spain on the 14th of April 1842, leaving a fortune computed
at 60,000,000 francs, and a splendid collection of pictures
which at his death was bought by the French government.
AGUASCALIENTES, an inland state of Mexico, bounded N., E.
and W. by the state of Zacatecas, and S. by Jalisco. Pop.
(est. 1900) 102,416, a gradual decrease since the census
years of 1895 and 1879; area, 2970 sq. m. The state occupies
an elevated plateau, extending from two spurs of the Sierra
Madre, called the Sierra Fria and Sierra de Laurel, eastward
to the rolling fertile plains of its eastern and south-eastern
districts. It is well watered by numerous small streams and
one larger river, the Aguascalientes or Rio Grande, and has
a mild healthy climate with a moderate rainfall. The fertile
valleys of the north and west are devoted to agriculture
and the plains to stockraising. Indian corn, flour, cattle,
horses, mules and hides are exported to the neighbouring
states. Mining industries are still undeveloped, but considerable
progress has been made in manufactures, especially of textile
fabrics. The state has good railway communications and a
prosperous trade. The capital, Aguascalientes, named from
the medicinal hot springs near it, is a flourishing commercial
and manufacturing city. Pop. (est. 1900) 35,052. It has
cotton factories, smelting works, potteries. tanneries,
distilleries, and wagon and tobacco factories. It is a station
on the Mexican Central railway, 364 m. by rail north-west of
the city of Mexico, and is connected by rail with Tampico on
the Gulf of Mexico. The city is well built, has many fine
churches and good public buildings, street cars and electric
lights. The surrounding district is well cultivated and
produces an abundance of fruit and vegetables. Other prominent
towns of the state are Rincon de Romos (or Victoria de
Calpulalpam), Asientos de Ibarra and Calvillo, the first
having more and the others less than 5000 inhabitants.
AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever), the
common name given to a form or stage of malarial disease;
the ague fit is the cold, shivering stage, and hence the
word is also loosely used for any such paroxysm. Simple
ague is of much the same type whether in temperate or
tropical climates, and may take various forms (quotidian,
tertian, quartan), passing into ``remittent fever.'' The
symptoms are discussed, together with causation, &c., in
the article MALARIA. For ``brow-ague'' see NEURALGIA.
AGUESSEAU, HENRI FRANCOIS D' (1668-1751), chancellor of
France, illustrious for his virtues, learning and talents,
was born at Limoges, of a family of the magistrature. His
father, Henri d' Aguesseau, a hereditary councillor of the
parlement of Metz, was a man of singular ability and breadth
of view who, after holding successively the posts of intendant
of Limousin, Guyenne and Languedoc, was in 1685 called to
Paris as councillor of state, appointed director-general of
commerce and manufactures in 1695, president of the council of
commerce in 1700 and a member of the council of the regency for
finance. By him Francois d'Aguesseau was early initiated into
affairs and brought up in religious principles deeply tinged with
Jansenism. He studied law under Jean Domat, whose influence is
apparent in both the legal writings and legislative work of the
chancellor. When little more than twenty-one years of age he
was, through his father's influence with the king, appointed
one of the three advocates-general to the parlement of Paris;
and the eloquence and learning which he displayed in his first
speech gained him a very high reputation. D'Aguesseau was in
fact the first great master of forensic eloquence in France.
In 1700 he was appointed procurator-general; and in this
office, which he filled for seventeen years, he gained
the greatest popularity by his defence of the rights of
the Gallican Church in the Quietist troubles and in those
connected with the bull Unigenitus (see JANSENISM.) In
February 1717 he was made chancellor by the regent Orleans;
but was deprived of the seals in January of the following
year and exiled to his estate of Fresnos in Brie, on account
of his steady opposition to the projects of the famous John
Law, which had been adopted by the regent and his ministers.
In June 1720 he was recalled to satisfy public opinion; and
he contributed not a little by the firmness and sagacity of
his counsels to calm the public disturbance and repair the
mischief which had been done. Law himself had acted as the
messenger of his recall; and it is said that d'Aguesseau's
consent to accept the seals from his hand greatly diminished his
popularity. The parlement continuing its opposition to the
registering of the bull UNIGENITUS, d'Aguesseau, fearing
a schism and a religious war in France, assisted Guillaume
Dubois, the favourite of the regent, in his endeavour to force
the parlement to register the bull, acquiesced in the exile
of the magistrates and allowed the Great Council to assume the
power of registration, which legally belonged to the parlement
alone. The people unjustly attributed his conduct to a base
compliance with the favourite. He certainly opposed Dubois
in other matters; and when Dubois became chief minister
d'Aguesseau was deprived of his office (March 1, 1722).
He retired to his estate, where he passed five years of which
he always spoke with delight. The Scriptures, which he read
and compared in various languages, and the jurisprudence
of his own and other countries, formed the subjects of his
more serious studies; the rest of his time was devoted to
philosophy, literature and gardening. From these occupations
he was recalled to court by the advice of Cardinal Fleury in
1727, and on the 15th of August was named chancellor for the
third time, but the seals were not restored to him till ten
years later. During these years he endeavoured to mediate
in the disputes between the court and the parlement. When
he was at last reinstated in office, he completely withdrew
from all political affairs, and devoted himself entirely
to his duties as chancellor and to the achievement of those
reforms which had long occupied his thoughts. He aimed,
as others had tried before him, to draw up in a single code
all the laws of France, but was unable to accomplish his
task. Besides some important enactments regarding donations,
testaments and successions, he introduced various regulations
for improving the forms of procedure, for ascertaining
the limits of jurisdictions and for effecting a greater
uniformity in the execution of the laws throughout the several
provinces. These reforms constitute an epoch in the
history of French jurisprudence, and have placed the name
of d'Aguesseau in the same rank with those of L'Hopital and
Lamoignon. As a magistrate also he was so conscientious
that the duc de Saint-Simon in his Memoirs complained that
he spent too much time over the cases that came before him.
In 1750, when upwards of eighty-two years of age, d'Aguesseau
retired from the duties without giving up the rank of
chancellor. He died on the 9th of February of the following year.
His grandson, HENRI CARDIN JEAN BAPTISTE, MARQUIS D'AGUESSEAU
(1746-1826), was advocate-general in the parlement of Paris
and deputy in the Estates-General. Under the Consulate he
became president of the court of appeal and later minister at
Copenhaaen. He was elected to the French Academy in 1787.
Of d'Aguesseau's works the most complete edition is that
of the eminent lawyer Jean Marie Pardessus, published in 16
vols. (1818-1820); his letters were edited separately by Rives
(1823); a selection of his works, OEuvres Choisies, was
issued, with a biographical notice, by E. Falconnet in 2 vols.
(Paris, 1865). The far greater part of his works relate to
matters connected with his profession, hut they also contain
an elaborate treatise on money; several theological essays;
a life of his father, which is interesting from the account
which it gives of his own early education; and Metaphysical
Meditations, written to prove that, independently of
all revelation and all positive law, there is that in the
constitution of the human mind which renders man a law to himself.
See Boullee, Histoire de la vie et les ouvrages de
chancelier d'Aguesseau (Paris, 1835); Fr. Monnier, Le
Chancelier d'Aguesseau (Paris, 1860; 2nd ed., 1863); Charles
Butler, Mem. of Life of H. F. d'Aguesseau, &c. (1830).
AGUILAR, GRACE (1816-1847), English writer, the daughter of
a Jewish merchant in London, was born in June 1816. Her works
consist chiefly of religious fiction, such as The Vale of
Cedars (1850) and Home Influence (1847). She also wrote,
in defence of her faith and its professors, The Spirit of
Judaism (1842) and other works. Her services were acknowledged
gratefully by the ``women of Israel'' in a testimonial which
they presented shortly before her death, which took place
at Frankfort-on-the-Main on the 16th of September 1847.
AGUILAR, or AGUILAR DE LA FRONTERA, a town of southern
Spain, in the province of Cordova; near the small river
Cabra, and on the Cordova-Malaga railway. Pop. (1900)
13,236. Aguilar ``of the Frontier'' was so named in the
middle ages from its position on the border of the Moorish
territories, which were defended by the castle of Anzur, now
a ruin; but the spacious squares and modern houses of the
existing town retain few vestiges of Moorish dominion. The
olives and white wine of Aguilar are celebrated in Spain,
although the wine, which somewhat resembles sherry, is known
as Montilla, from the adjacent town of that name. Salt
springs exist in the neighbourhood, and to the south there
are two small lakes, Zonar and Rincon, which abound in fish.
AGUILAS, a seaport of south-eastern Spain, in the province of
Murcia, on the Mediterranean Sea, at the terminus of a railway from
Huercal-Overa. Pop. (1900) 15,868. Aguilas is built on the
landward side of a small peninsula, between two bays--the Puerto
Ponente, a good harbour, on the south-west, and the Puerto
Levanto, which is somewhat dangerous to shipping in rough
weather, on the north-east. It is the chief outlet for the
Spanish trade in esparto grass, and for the iron ore and other
mineral products of the neighbourhood. It has also some trade
in fruit and grain. The imports consist chiefly of coal. In
1904, 296 vessels, of 238,274 tons, cleared at this port.
AGUILERA, VENTURA RUIZ (1820-1881), Spanish poet, was born in
1820 at Salamanca, where he graduated in medicine. He removed
to Madrid in 1844, engaged in journalism and won considerable
popularity with a collection of poems entitled Ecos Nacionales
(1849). His Elegias y armonias (1863) was no less
successful, but his Satiras (1874) and Estaciones del ano
(1879) showed that his powers were declining. He wrote under
