suppression of an insurrection in Pannonia (13). He died
at Campania in March of the year following his fifty-first
year. Augustus honoured his memory by a magnificent funeral.
Agrippa was also known as a writer, especially on
geography. Under his supervision Julius Caesar's design
of having a complete survey of the empire made was carried
out. From the materials at hand he constructed a circular
chart, which was engraved on marble by Augustus and afterwards
placed in the colonnade built by his sister Polla. Amongst
his writings an autobiography, now lost, is referred
to. Agrippa left several children; by Pomponia, a daughter
Vipsania, who became the wife of the emperor Tiberius; by Julia
three sons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar and Agrippa Postumus, and
two daughters, Agrippina the elder, afterwards the wife of
Germanicus, and Julia, who married Lucius Aemihus Pauilus.
See Dio Cassius xlix.-liv.; Suetonius, Augustus; Velleius
Paternulus ii.; Josephus, Antiq. Jud. xv. 10, xvi. 2;
Turnbull, Three Dissertations, one of the characters of
Horace, Augustus and Agrippa (1740); Frandsen, Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa (1836); Motte, Etude sur Marcus
Agrippa (1872); Nispi-Landi, Marcus Agrippa e suoi
tempi (1901); D. Detlefsen, Ursprung, Einrichtung und
Bedeutung der Erdkarte Agrippas (1906); V. Gardthausen,
Augustus und seine Zeit, vol. i. 762 foll., ii. 432 foll.
AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM, HENRY CORNELIUS (1486-1535) German
writer, soldier, physician, and by common reputation a magician,
belonged to a family many members of which had been in the
service of the house of Habsburg, and was born at Cologne on
the 14th of September 1486. The details of his early life are
somewhat obscure, but he appears to have obtained a knowledge
of eight languages, to have studied at the university of
Cologne and to have passed some time in France. When quite
young he entered the service of the German king, Maximilian
I., and in 1508 was engaged in an adventurous enterprise in
Catalonia. He probably served Maximilian both as soldier
and as secretary, but his wonderful and varied genius was not
satisfied with these occupations, and he soon began to take
a lively interest in theosophy and magic. In 1509 he went to
the university of Dole, where he lectured on John Reuchlin's
De Verbo Mirifico, but his teaching soon caused charges
of heresy to be brought against him, and he was denounced
by a monk named John Catilinet in lectures delivered at
Ghent. As a result Agrippa was compelled to leave Dole;
proceeding to the Netherlands he took service again with
Maximilian. In 1510 the king sent him on a diplomatic mission
to England, where he was the guest of Colet, dean of St Paul's,
and where he replied to the accusations brought against him by
Catilinet. Returning to Cologne he followed Maximilian to
Italy in 1511, and as a theologian attended the council of
Pisa, which was called by some cardinals in opposition to a
council called by Pope Julius II. He remained in Italy for
seven years, partly in the service of William VI., marquis of
Monferrato, and partly in that of Charles III., duke of Savoy,
probably occupied in teaching theology and practising medicine.
In 1515 he lectured at the university of Pavia on the Pimander
of Hermes Trismegistus, but these lectures were abruptly
terminated owing to the victories of Francis I., king of
France. In 1518 the efforts of one or other of his patrons
secured for Agrippa the position of town advocate and orator,
or syndic, at Metz. Here, as at Dole, his opinions soon
brought him into collision with the monks, and his defence
of a woman accused of witchcraft involved him in a dispute
with the inquisitor, Nicholas Savin. The consequence of
this was that in 1520 he resigned his office and returned to
Cologne, where he stayed about two years. He then practised
for a short time as a physician at Geneva and Freiburg,
but in 1524 went to Lyons on being appointed physician to
Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. In 1528 he gave up this
position, and about this time was invited to take part in
the dispute over the legality of the divorce of Catherine
of Aragon by Henry VIII.; but he preferred an offer made by
Margaret, duchess of Savoy and regent of the Netherlands, and
became archivist and historiographer to the emperor Charles
V. Margaret's death in 1530 weakened his position, and the
publication of some of his writings about the same time aroused
anew the hatred of his enemies; but after suffering a short
imprisonment for debt at Brussels he lived at Cologne and
Bonn, under the protection of Hermann of Wied, archbishop of
Cologne. By publishing his works he brought himself into
antagonism with the Inquisition, which sought to stop
the printing of De occulta philosophia. He then went to
France, where he was arrested by order of Francis I. for
some disparaging words about the queen-mother; but he was
soon released, and on the 18th of February 1535 died at
Grenoble. He was married three times and had a large
family. Agrippa was a man of great ability and undoubted
courage, but he lacked perseverance and was himself responsible
for many of his misfortunes. In spite of his inquiring
nature and his delight in novelty, he remained a Catholic, and
had scant sympathy with the teaching of the reformers. His
memory was nevertheless long defamed in the writings of the
monks, who placed a malignant inscription over his grave.
Agrippa's work, De occulta philosophia, was written about
1510, partly under the influence of the author's friend, John
Trithemius, abbot of Wurzburg, but its publication was delayed
until 1531, when it appeared at Antwerp. It is a defence
of magic, by means of which men may come to a knowledge of
nature and of God, and contains Agrippa's idea of the universe
with its three worlds or spheres. His other principal work,
De Incertitudine et Vanitate Scientiarum et Artium Atque
Excellentia Verbi Dei Declamatio, was written about 1527
and published at Antwerp in 1531. This is a sarcastic attack
on the existing sciences and on the pretensions of learned
men. In it Agrippa denounces the accretions which had grown
up around the simple doctrines of Christianity, and wishes
for a return to the primitive belief of the early Christian
church. He also wrote De Nobilitate et Praecellentia Deminei
Sexus, dedicated to Margaret of Burgundy, De Matrimonii
Sacramento and other smaller works. An edition of his
works was published at Leiden in 1550 and they have been
republished several times. See H. Morley, Life of H. C.
Agrippa (London, 1856); A. Prost, Les Sciences at les arts
occultes au xvi. Siecle: Corneille Agrippa sa vie et ses
oeuvres (Paris, 1881); A. Daguet, Cornelius Agrippa (Paris, 1856).
AGRIPPINA, the ``elder,'' daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
by his third wife Julia, was the grand-daughter of Augustus
and the wife of Germanicus. She accompanied her husband to
Germany, when the legions on the Rhine revolted after the
death of Augustus (A.D. 14). Three years later she was in
the East with Germanicus (q.v.), who died at Antioch in
19, poisoned, it was said, by order of Cn. Calpurnius Piso,
governor of Syria. Eager to avenge his death, she returned
to Rome and boldly accused Piso of the murder of Germanicus.
To avoid public infamy Piso committed suicide. Tiberius and
his favourite Sejanus feared that her ambition might lead
her to attempt to secure the throne for her children, and
she was banished to the island of Pandataria off the coast of
Campania, where she died on the 18th of October 33, starved
to death by herself, or, according to some, by order of
Tiberius. Two of her sons, Nero and Drusus, had already
fallen victims to the machinations cf Sejanus. Agrippina
had a large family by Germanicus, several of whom died young,
while only two are of importance-- Agrippina the ``younger''
and Gaius Caesar, who succeeded Tiberius under the name of
Caligula. It is remarkable that, although Tiberius had
ordored the execution of his elder brothers, by his will he
left Caligula one of the heirs of the empire. Agrippina was
a woman of the highest character and exemplary morality.
There is a portrait of her in the Capitoline Museum at Rome,
and a bronze medal in the British Museum representing the
bringing back of her ashes to Rome by order of Caligula.
See Tac. Ann. i.-vi.; Suetonius, Tiberius, 53; Dio Cassius
lvii. 6, lviii. 22, lix. 3; Elizabeth Hamilton, Memoirs
of the Life of Agrippina (1804): Burkhard, Agrippina, des
Agrippa Tochter (1846); Stahr, Romische Kaiserfrauen (1880).
AGRIPPINA, the ``younger'' (A.D. 16-59), daughter of
Germanicus and Agrippina the elder, sister of Caligula and
mother of Nero, was born at Oppidum Ubiorum on the Rhine,
afterwards named in her honour Colonia Agrippinae (mod.
Cologne). Her life was notorious for intrigue and perfidy.
By her first husband, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, she was the
mother of the emperor Nero; her second husband was Passienus
Crispus, whom she was accused of poisoning. Assisted by
the influential freedman Tallas, she induced her uncle the
emperor Claudius to marry her after the death of Messalina,
and adopt the future Nero as heir to the throne in place of
Britannicus. Soon afterwards she poisoned Claudius and secured
the throne for her son, with the intention of practically
ruling on his behalf. Being alarmed at the influence of
the freedwoman Acte over Nero, sbe threatened to support
the claims of the rightful heir Britannicus. Nero thereupon
murdered the young prince and decided to get rid of his
mother. Pretending a reconciliation, he invited her to
Baiae, where an attempt was made to drown her on a vessel
especially constructed to founder. As this proved a failure,
he had her put to death at her country house. Agrippina
wrote memoirs of her times, referred to by Tacitus (Ann.
iv. 53). Her character is set forth in Racine's Britannicus.
See Tac.Ann. xii., xiii., xiv.; Dio Cassius lix.-lxi.; Suetonius,
NERO, 34; Stahr, Agrippina. die Mutter Neros (1880); Raffay, Die
Memoiren der Kaiserin Agrippina (1884); B. W. Henderson, The Life
and Principate of the Emperor Nero (1903); also article NERO.
AGROTERAS THUSIA, an annual festival held at Agrae near
Athens, in honour of Artemis Agrotera, in fulfilment of
a vow made by the city, before the battle of Marathon,
to offer in sacrifice a number of goats equal to that
of the Persians slain in the conflict. The number being
so great, it was decided to offer 100 goats yearly.
See Plutarch, De Malignitate Herodoti, 26; Xenophon, Anab. iii. 2.
12; Aelian, Var. Hist. ii. 25; Schol. on Aristophanes, Equites, 660.
AGUADILLA, a town and port near the northern extremity
of the W. coast of Porto Rico. Pop. (1899) 6425. It has
a fairly good and safe anchorage, and is the commercial
outlet for a very fertile agricultural district. The town
is attractively situated and well built, and is connected
by railway with Mayaguez, 20 m. distant, and also with
Ponce and San Juan. The neighbouring district produces
sugar-cane, tobacco, cattle, cocoanuts, oranges and lemons.
The bay is supposed to have been first visited by Columbus
(November 1493), though the town was not founded until 1775.
AGUADO, ALEXANDRE MARIE, marquis de Las Marismas del
Guadalquivir, viscount de Monte Ricco (1784-1842), Spanish
banker, was born of Jewish parentage at Seville, on the 29th
of June 1784. He began life as a soldier, fighting with
distinction in the Spanish war of independence on the side
of Joseph Bonaparte. After the battle of Baylen (1808) he
