by J. G. L. Rosegarten with Latin translation (Greifswald,
1840). The text was published in 20 vols. at Bulaq in
1868. Vol. xxi. was edited by R. E. Brunnow (Leyden,
1888). A volume of elaborate indices was edited by I. Guidi
(Leyden, 1900), and a missing fragment of the text was
published by J. Wellhausen in the Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, vol; 50, pp. 146 ff.
Biographical Dictionary, vol. ii. pp. 249 ff. (G. W. T.)
ABUL PAZL, wazir and historiographer of the great Mogul
emperor, Akbar, was born in the year A.D. 1551. His
career as a minister of state, brilliant though it was,
would probably have been by this time forgotten but for the
record he himself has left of it in his celebrated history.
The Akbar Nameh, or Book of Akbar, as Abul Fazl's chief
literary work, written in Persian, is called, consists of two
parts--the first being a complete history of Akbar's reign
and the second, entitled Ain-i-Akbari, or Institutes of
Akbar, being an account of the religious and political
constitution and administration of the empire. The style is
singularly elegant, and the contents of the second part possess
a unique and lasting interest. An excellent translation
of the Ain by Francis Gladwin was published in Calcutta,
1783-1786. It was reprinted in London very inaccurately,
and copies of the original edition are now exceedingly rare
and correspondingly valuable. It was also translated by
Professor Blockmann in 1848. Abul Fazl died by the hand of
an assassin, while returning from a mission to the Deccan in
1602. The murderer was instigated by Prince Sehm, afterwards
Jahangir, who had become jealous of the minister's influence.
ABULFEDA [Abud-Fida' Isma'Il ibn'Ah,Imad-ud-Dni]
(1273-1331), Arabian historian and geographer, was born at
Damascus, whither his father Malik ul-Afdal, brother of
the prince of Hamah, had fled from the Mongols. He was a
descendant of Ayyub, the father of Saladin. In his boyhood
he devoted himself to the study of the Koran and the sciences,
hut from his twelfth year was almost constantly engaged in
military expeditions, chiefly against the crusaders. In 1285
he was present at the assault of a stronghold of the knights
of St John, and he took part in the sieges of Tripoli, Acre
and Qal'at ar-Rum. In 1298 he entered the service of the
Mameluke Sultan Malik al-Nasir and after twelve years was
invested by him with the governorship of Hamah. In 1312 he
became prince with the title Malik us-Salhn, and in 1320
received the hereditary rank of sultan with the title Malik
ul-Mu'ayyad. For more than twenty years altogether he reigned
in tranquillity and splendour, devoting himself to the duties
of government and to the composition of the works to which
he is chiefly indebted for his fame. He was a munificent
patron of men of letters, who came in large numbers to his
court. He died in 1331. His chief historical work in
An Abridgment of the History at the Human Race, in the
form of annals extending from the creation of the world
to the year 1329 (Constantinople, 2 vols. 1869). Various
translations of parts of it exist, the earliest being a Latin
rendering of the section relating to the Arabian conquests in
Sicily, by Dobelius, Arabic professor at Palermo, in 1610
(preserved in Muratori's Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol.
i.). The section dealing with the pre-Islamitic period
was edited with Latin translation by H. O. Fleischer under
the title Abulfedae Historia Ante-Islamica (Leipzig,
1831). The part dealing with the Mahommedan period was
edited, also with Latin translation, by J. J. Reiske as
Annales Muslemici (5 vols., Copenhagen, 1789--1794) . His
Geography is, like much of the history, founded on the
works of his predecessors, and so ultimately on the work of
Ptolemy. A long introduction on various geographical matters
is followed by twenty-eight sections dealing in tabular
form with the chief towns of the world. After each name
are given the longitude, latitude, ``climate,'' spelling,
and then observations generally taken from earlier authors.
Parts of the work were published and translated as early
as 1650 (cf. Carl Brockelmann's Geschichte der Arabischen
Litteratur, Berlin, 1902, vol. ii. pp. 44-46). The text
of the whole was published by M`G. de Slane and M. Reinaud
(Paris, 1840), and a French translation with introduction by
M. Reinaud and Stanislas Guyard (Paris, 1848-1883). (G. W. T.)
ABU-L-QASIM [Khalaf ibn'Abbas uz-Zahrawi], Arabian
physician and surgeon, generally known in Europe as
ABULCASIS, flourished in the tenth century at Cordova as
physician to the caliph 'Abdur-Rahman III. (912--961). No
details of his life are known. A part of his compendium
of medicine was published in Latin in the 16th century as
Liber theoricae nec non practicae Alsaharavii (Augsburg,
1519). His manual of surgery was published at Venice in
1497, at Basel in 1541, and at Oxford Abulcasis de Chirurgia
arabice et latine cura Johannis Channing (2 vols. 1778).
For his other works see Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen
Litteratur (Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp. 239-240. (G. W. T.)
ABUNDANTIA (``Abundance''), a Roman goddess, the personification
of prosperity and good fortune. Modelled after the Greek Demeter,
she is practically identical with Copia, Annona and similar
goddesses. On the coins of the later Roman emperors she is
frequently represented holding a cornucopia, from which she
shakes her gifts, thereby at the same time in- dicating the
liberality of the emperor or empress. She may be compared
with Domina Abundia (Old Fr. Dame Habonde, Notre Dame
d'Abondance), whose name often occurs in poems of the Middle
Ages, a beneficent fairy, who brought plenty to those whom she
visited (Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, tr. 1880, i. 286-287).
ABU NUWAS [Abu,Ah Hal-asan ibn Hani'al-Hakami] (c.
756-810), known as Abu Nuwas, Arabian poet, was born in al
Ahwaz, probably about 756. His mother was a Persian, his
father a soldier, a native of Damascus. His studies were made
in Basra under Abu Zaid and Abu'Ubaida (q.v.), and in
Kufa under Khalaf al-Ahmar. He is also said to have spent a
year with the Arabs in the desert to gain purity of language.
Settling in Bagdad he enjoyed the favour of Harun al-Rashid
and al-Amin, and died there probably about 810. The greater
part of his life was characterized by great licentiousness
and disregard of religion, but in his later days he became
ascetic. Abu Nuwas is recognized as the greatest poet of his
time. His mastery of language has led to extensive quotation
of his verses by Arabian scholars. Genial, cynical, immoral, he
drew on all the varied life of his time for the material of his
poems. In his wine-songs especially the manners of the upper
classes of Bagdad are revealed. He was one of the first to
ridicule the set form of the qasida (elegy) as unnatural,
and has satirized this form in several poems. See I. Goldziher,
Abhandlungen zur Arabischen Philologie (Leyden, 1896),
i. pp. 145 ff. His poems were collected by several Arabian
editors. One such collection (the MS. of which is now in
Vienna) contains nearly 5000 verses grouped under the ten
headings: wine, hunting, praise, satire, love of youths, love
of women, obscenities, blame, elegies, renunciation of the
world. His collected poems (Diwan) have been published
in Cairo (1860) and in Beirut (1884). The wine-songs
were edited by W. Ahlwardt under the title Diwan des Abu
Nowas. 1. Die lveinlieder (Greifswald, 1861). (G. W. T.)
ABU SIMBEL, or IPSAMBUL, the name of a group of temples
of Rameses II. (c. 1250 B.C.) in Nubia, on the left
bank of the Nile, 56 m. by river S. of Korosko. They are
hewn in the cliffs at the riverside, at a point where the
sandstone hills on the west reach the Nile and form the
southern boundary of a wider portion of the generally barren
valley. The temples are three in number. The principal
temple, probably the greatest and most imposing of all rock-hewn
monuments, was discovered by Burckhardt in 1812 and opened by
Belzoni in 1817. (The front has been cleared several times,
most recently in 1892, but the sand is always pressing forward
from the north end.) The hillside was recessed to form the
facade, backed against which four immense seated colossi of
the king, in pairs on either side of the entrance, rise from
a platform or forecourt reached from the river by a flight of
steps. The colossi are no less than 65 ft. in height, of
nobly placid design, and are accompanied by smaller figures
of Rameses' queen and their sons and daughters; behind and
over them is the cornice, with the dedication below in a
line of huge hieroglyphs, and a long row of apes, standing in
adoration of the rising sun above. The temple is dedicated
primarily to the solar gods Amenre of Thebes and Raharakht of
Heliopolis, the true sun god; it is oriented to the east so
that the rays of the sun in the early morning penetrate the
whole length of two great halls to the innermost sanctuary and
fall upon the central figures of Amenre and Rameses, which are
there enthroned with Ptah of Memphis and Raharakht on either
side. The interior of the temple is decorated with coloured
sculpture of fine workmanship and in good preservation; the
scenes are more than usually interesting; some are of religious
import (amongst them Rameses as king making offerings to
himself as god), others illustrate war in Syria, Libya and
Ethiopia: another series depicts the events of the famous
battle with the Hittites and their allies at Kadesh, in which
Rameses saved the Egyptian camp and army by his personal
valour. Historical stelae of the same reign are engraved
inside and outside the temple; the most interesting is that
recording the marriage with a Hittite princess in the 34th
year. Not the least important feature of the temple belongs
to a later age, when some Greek, Carian and Phoenician
soldiers of one of the kings named Psammetichus (apparently
Psammetichus II., 594-589 B.C.) inscribed their names upon
the two southern colossi, doubtless the only ones then clear of
sand. These graffiti are of the highest value for the early
history of the alphabet, and as proving the presence of Greek
mercenaries in the Egyptian armies of the period. The upper
part of the second colossus (from the south) has fallen;
the third was repaired by Sethos II. not many years after
the completion of the temple. This great temple was wholly
rock-cut, and is now threatened by gradual ruin by sliding
on the planes of stratification. A small temple, immediately
to the south of the first, is believed to have had a built
antechamber: it is the earliest known example of a ``birth
chapel,'' such as was usually attached to Ptolemaic temples
for the accommodation of the divine mother-consort and her
son. The third and northernmost temple, separated from
the others by a ravine, is on a large scale; the colossi of
the facade are six in number and 53 ft. high, representing
Rameses and his queen Nefrere, who dedicated the temple
to the goddess Hathor. The whole group forms a singular
monument of Rameses' unbounded pride and self-glorification.
See EGYPT; J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt,
vol. iii. pp. 124 et seq., esp. 212; ``The Temples
of Lower Nubia,'' in the American Journal of Semitic
Languages and Literatures, October 1906. (F. LL. G.)
ABU TAMMAM [Habib ibn Aus] (807-846), Arabian poet,
was, like Buhturi, of the tribe of Tai (though some say
he was the son of a Christian apothecary named Thaddeus,
and that his genealogy was forged). He was born in Jasim
