chiefs. On the abdication of Otto, king of Greece, in 1862,
Prince Alfred was chosen by the whole people to succeed
him, but political conventions of long standing rendered
it impossible for the British government to accede to their
wishes. The prince therefore remained in the navy, and was
promoted lieutenant on the 24th of February 1863 and captain
on the 23rd of February 1866, being then appointed to the
command of the ``Galatea.'' On attaining his majority in 1865
the prince was created duke of Edinburgh and earl of Ulster,
with an annuity of L. 15,000 granted by parliament. While
still in command of the ``Galatea'' the duke started from
Plymouth on the 24th of January 1867 for his voyage round the
world. On the 11th of June 1867 he left Gibraltar and reached
the Cape on the 24th of July, and landed at Glenelg, South
Australia, on the 31st of October. Being the first English
prince to visit Australia, the duke was received with the greatest
enthusiasm. During his stay of nearly five months he visited
Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Tasmania; and
it was on his second visit to Sydney that, while attending
a public picnic at Clonfert in aid of the Sailors' Home,
an Irishman named O'Farrell shot him in the back with a
revolver. The wound was fortunately not dangerous, and
within a month the duke was able to resume command of his
ship and return home. He reached Spithead on the 26th of
June 1868, after an absence of seventeen months. The duke's
next voyage was to India, where he arrived in December
1869. Both there and at Hong Kong, which he visited on the
way, he was the first British prince to set foot in the
country. The native rulers of India vied with one another
in the magnificence of their entertainments during the duke's
stay of three months. On the 23rd of January 1874 the marriage
of the duke to the grand-duchess Marie Alexandrovna, only
daughter of Alexander II., emperor of Russia, was celebrated
at St Petersburg, and the bride and bridegroom made their
public entry into London on the 12th of March. The duke
still devoted himself to his profession, showing complete
mastery of his duties and unusual skill in naval tactics.
He was promoted rear-admiral on the 30th of December 1878;
vice-admiral, 10th of November 1882; admiral, 18th of October
1887; and received his baton as admiral of the Fleet, 3rd of
June 1893. He commanded the Channel fleet, 1883-1884; the
Mediterranean fleet, 1886-1889; and was commander-in-chief at
Davenport, 1890- 1893. He always paid the greatest attention
to his offiicial duties and was most efficient as an admiral.
On the death of his uncle, Ernest II., duke of Saxe-Coburg and
Gotha, on the 22nd of August 1893, the vacant duchy fell to
the duke of Edinburgh, for the prince of Wales had renounced
his right to the succession. At first regarded with some
coldness as a ``foreigner,'' he gradually gained popularity,
and by the time of his death, on the 30th of July 1900, he
had completely won the good opinion of his subjects. The duke
was exceedingly fond of music and an excellent violinist, and
took a prominent part in establishing the Royal College of
music. He was also a keen collector of glass and ceramic
ware, and his collection, valued at half a million of marks,
was presented by his widow to the ``Veste Coburg,'' near
Coburg. When he became duke of Saxe-Coburg he surrendered his
English allowance of L. 15,000 a year, but the L. 10,000 granted
in addition by parliament on his marriage he retained in
order to keep up Clarence House. The duke had one son,
who died unmarried on the 6th of February 1899, and four
daughters. The third daughter, Princess Alexandra Louisa
Olga Victoria, married the hereditary prince Ernest of
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, who became regent of the duchy of
Coburg during the minority of the deceased duke's nephew, the
young duke of Albany, to whom the succession fell. (G. F. B.)
ALFRED, a village in the township of Alfred, Allegany county,
New York, U.S.A., about 75 m. S.W. of Buffalo. Pop. of the
township, including the village (1900), 1615; (1910 U. S. census)
1590. Pop. of the village (1900) 756; (1910 U. S. census) 759.
The township is served, at Alfred station, by the Erie railway.
The village, which is connected by stage with the station, is
situated at the junction of two valleys and commands delightful
views of mountain scenery. On the west slope of pine Hill is
Alfred University (co-educational), which embraces a College
(non-sectarian), an academy (non-sectarian) and a theological
seminary (Seventh-Day Baptist). Closely associated with it
also, and under the management of the university trustees,
is the New York State School of Clay-Working and Ceramics
(1900), one of the most efficient schools of the kind in the
country. In 1908 the legislature of New York appropriated
$80,000 for the establishment of a state school of agriculture
in connexion with the university. The institution had its
beginning in 1836 in a private school. This developed into
an academy, which in 1843 was incorporated as Alfred Academy
and Teachers' Seminary; in 1857 the university was chartered
under its present name. The principal industry of the village
is the manufacture of roofing tiles. The township of Alfred
lies within the territory purchased by Robert Morris in 1791.
He sold it in the same year to a company resident in London,
England. Their agent sold most of it to settlers and, it is
said, named the township, when it was organized in 1806, in
honour of Alfred the Great. The first settlement within its
present limits was made in 1807. For several years most of the
settlers were Seventh-Day Baptists, and in 1812 they organized
a church here. The village of Alfred was chartered in 1887.
J. S. Minard, Allegany County and its People (Alfred, 1896).
ALFRETON, a market town in the mid-parliamentary division of
Derbyshire, England, 14 m N. by E. of Derby, on the Midland
railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 17,505. It lies at a
considerable elevation above the valley of a small stream tributary
to the Derwent. The church of St Martin is Early English and
later. The neighbourhood abounds in ironworks, collieries,
quarries and potteries, and is thickly populated. To the
north-east of Alfreton are South Normanton (pop. 5170), Blackwell
(4144) and Tibshelf (3432); to the north Shirland (3929), to
the south Ironville and other busy industrial villages. The
foundation of Alfreton is traditionally ascribed to King Alfred.
ALFUROS (ALFURES, HORAFORAS), a term of no ethnological value
applied by the Malays to all the uncivilized non- Mahommedan
peoples in the eastern portion of the Malay Archipelago. Its
origin is uncertain, but its meaning is ``wild'' or ``uncivilized.''
The term is not restricted to the aborigines, but is far
more frequently used to describe the tribes of Malayan blood.
ALGAE. The Latin word alga seems to have been the equivalent
of the English word ``seaweed'' and probably stood for any or all
of the species of plants which form the ``wrack'' of a seashore.
Classification.
When the word ``Algae'' came to be employed in botanical
classification as the name of a class, an arbitrary limitation
had to be set to its signification, and this was not always in
keeping with its original meaning. The absence of differentiation
into root, stem and leaf which prevails among seaweeds,
seems, for example, to have led Linnaeus to employ the term
in the Genera Plantarum for a sub-class of Cryptogamia, the
members of which presented this character in a greater or less
degree. Of the fifteen genera included by Linnaeus among
algae, not more than six--viz. Chara, Fucus, Diva and
Conferva, and in part Tremella and Byssus--would to-day,
in any sense in which the term is employed, be regarded as
algae. The excluded genera are distributed among the
liverworts, lichens and fungi; but notwithstanding the
great advance in knowledge since the time of Linnaeus, the
difficulty of deciding what limits to assign to the group
to be designated Algae still remains. It arises from the
fact that algae, as generally understood, do not constitute
a homogeneous group, suggesting a descent from a common
stock. Among them there exist, as will be seen hereafter, many
well-marked but isolated natural groups, and their inclusion
in the larger group is generally felt to be a matter of
convenience rather than the expression of a belief in their
close inter-relationship. Efforts are therefore continually
being made by successive writers to exclude certain outlying
sub-groups, and to reserve the term Algae for a central group
reconstituted on a more natural basis within narrower limits.
It is perhaps desirable, in an article like this, to treat
of algae in the widest possible sense in which the term
may be used, an indication being at the same time given
of the narrower senses in which it has been proposed to
employ it. Interpreted in this way, the place of algae
in the vegetable kingdom may be shown by means of a
_
_ _ | Myxomycetes
| | Thallophyta | Fungi
| Cryptogamia | |_ Algae
The Vegetable | | Bryophyta
Kingdom | |_ Pteridophyta
| _
| | Gymnosperms
| Phanerogamia |_ Angiosperms
|_
Algae in this wide sense may be briefly described as the
aggregate of those simpler forms of plant life usually devoid,
like the rest of the Thallophyta, of differentiation into
root, stem and leaf; but, unlike other Thallophyta, possessed
of a colouring matter; by means of which they are enabled,
in the presence of sunlight, to make use of the carbonic
acid gas of the atmosphere as a source of carbon. It is
true that certain Bryophyta (Marchantiaceae, Anthoceroteae)
possess a thalloid structure similar to that of Thallophyta,
and are at the same time possessed of the colouring matter
of the Green Algae. Their life-cycle, however, the structure
of the reproductive organs and their whole organization
proclaim them to be Bryophyta (q.v..) On the other hand,
certain undoubted animals (Stentor, Hydra, Bonellia) are
provided with a green colouring matter by means of which
they make use of atmospheric carbonic acid. A more important
consideration is the occasional absence of this colour in
species, or groups of species, with, in other respects, algal
affinities. Such aberrant forms are to be regarded in the
same light as Cuscuta and Orobanchaceae, for example, among
Phanerogams. As these non-green plants do not cease to
be classed with other Phanerogams, so must the forms in
question be retained among algae. In all cases the loss
of the colouring matter is associated with an incapacity to
take up carbon from so simple a compound as carbonic acid
It might be mentioned here that the whole group of the
Fungi (q.v.),with its many thousands of species, is now
generally regarded as having been derived from algae, and
the system of classification of fungi devised by Brefeld is
based upon this belief. The similarity of the morphological
characters of one group of fungi to those of certain algae
has earned for it the name Phycomycetes or alga-fungi.
Further discussion of the general characters of algae will be
deferred in order to take a brief survey of the subdivisions
of the group. For this purpose there will be adopted the
