by this artist, now hang in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence.
See Vernon Lee, The Countess of Albany (1884);
Marchesa Vitelleschi, A Court in Exile. (H. M. V.)
ALBANY, a river of Canada, forming part of the boundary
between the province of Ontario and the district of Keewatin.
It rises in Lake St Joseph in 91 deg. 25, W. and 50 deg. 55' N., and
flows E.N.E. into James Bay, its total length being over 400
m. It is navigable for nearly half its length, to Martin's
Falls. There are four Hudson's Bay Company's posts
on its banks, including Fort Albany at its mouth. The
Ogoki and Kenogami rivers are the principal tributaries.
ALBANY, a city and the county-seat of Dougherty county,
Georgia, U.S.A., at the mouth of the Kinchafoona Creek, and
at the head of navigation on the Flint river, about 100 m.
S.S.W. of Macon, about 200 m. S.W. of Savannah and about 203
m. N.E. of Pensacola. Pop. (1890) 4008; (1900) 4606 (2903
of negro descent); (1910) 8190. It is served by the Central
of Georgia, the Georgia Northern, the Seaboard Air Line, the
Albany & Northern and the Atlantic Coast Line railways, and
by steamboats connecting it with Apalachicola at the mouth
of the Apalachicola river. Its importance is largely due to
these transportation facilities and to the resources of the
surrounding country, which produces timber, lime, cotton,
Indian corn, sugar-cane, wheat, oats, fruit, melons, hay and
vegetables. Albany ships much cotton, and has a cotton
compress, a cotton mill, cotton-seed oil and guano factories,
brick yards, lumber mills and ice factories. It is a summer
and winter resort and is the home of the Georgia Chautauqua.
The city owns and operates the electric-lighting plant and
artesian water-works. It was settled in 1836, was incorporated
in 1838 and received its present city charter in 1907.
ALBANY, a city and the county-seat of Albany county, New
Yrork, U.S.A., and the capital of the state. It is situated
on the W. bank of the Hudson river, just below the mouth of
the Mohawk, 145 m. N. of New York City and 165 m. W. of
Boston. Pop. (1880) 90,758; (1890) 94,923; (1900) 94,151, of
whom 17,718 were foreign-born (6612 being Irish, 5903 German,
1361 English and 740 Russian) and 1178 were negroes; (1910)
100,253. Albany is a terminus of the New York Central & Hudson
River, the Delaware & Hudson and the West Shore railways,
and is also served by the Boston & Maine railway, by the
Erie and Champlain canals (being a terminus of each), by
steamboat lines on the Hudson river and by several inter-urban
electric railways connecting with neighbouring cities.
Albany is attractively situated on a series of hills rising
sharply from the river. The older portions of the city are
reminiscent of Dutch colonial days, and some fine specimens of
the Dutch and later colonial architecture are still standing.
Perhaps the most famous of these is the Schuyler mansion (now
St Francis de Sales Orphan Asylum), built in 1760-1761. The
Van Rensselaer manor-house, built in 1765, was pulled down in
1893 and was reconstructed on the campus of Wilhams College,
Williamstown, Massachusetts, where it is used as a fraternity
club-house. Among the public buildings, the finest is the
new State Capitol, one of the largest and most imposing in
America. It occupies a commanding position in Capitol Square
(7.84 acres), one of the highest points in the city. It is
built of white Maine granite, and cost about $25,000,000. Its
dimensions are 300 X 400 ft. The corner-stone was laid in
1871, and the building was completed, with the exception of
the central tower and dome, in 1904. The legislature first
met in it in 1879. The original designs were by Thomas Fuller,
who also designed the parliamentary buildings at Ottawa; but
the plans underwent many changes, Isaac Gale Perry, Leopold
Eidlitz and H. H. Richardson being associated with the work
before its completion. The beautiful ``western staircase''
of red sandstone (from plans by Perry) and the senate chamber
(designed by Richardson) are oerhaps the most notable parts
of the structure. The building houses the various executive
departments, the legislature and the court of appeals. A
large and handsome building of white granite was begun in 1908
directly opposite the Capitol to accommodate the department
of education and the magnificent state library (about 450,000
volumes). Other important buildings are the old state hall,
a handsome white marble building erected in 1842; the city
hall, a beautiful French Gothic building of pink granite
trimmed with red sandstone, designed by H. H. Richardson;
the Federal Building; the State aIuseum of Natural History;
the galleries of the Albany Institute and Historical and Art
Society, in State Street, opposite the Capitol; Harmanus Bleecker
Hall, a theatre since 1898; and the Ten Eyck and Kenmore
hotels. Among the finest office buildings are the structures
of the Albany City Savings Institution, National Commerical
Bank, Union Trust Company, Albany Trust Company, the National
Savings Bank, First National Bank, the New York State National
Bank (1803, probably the oldest building in the United States
used continuously for banking purposes) and the Albany Savings
Bank. The Fort Orange Club, the Catholic Union, the Albany
Club, the University Club, the City Club of Albany, the
Country Club, the German Hall Association and the Adelphi
Club are the chief social organizations. The principal church
buildings are the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
(Roman Catholic), a fine specimen of Gothic architecture,
built of brownstone, with spires 210 ft. high; the cathedral
of All Saints (Protestant Episcopal), an English Gothic
structure of pink sandstone designed by R. W. Gibson and
begun in 1883; St Peter's Episcopal Church (French Gothic),
of Hudson River bluestone; Emmanuel Baptist Church, of white
granite; the Madison Avenue Reformed Church; and St Joseph's
(Roman Catholic), of bluestone and Caen stone with marble
trimmings. Among the educational institutions are the Albany
Medical College (1839) and the Albany Law School (1851),
both incorporated since 1873 with the Union University, the
Collegiate Department of which is at Schenectady; the Albany
College of Pharmacy (1881), also part of Union University; the
Albany Academy (1813), in which Joseph Henry, while a member
of the faculty, perfected in 1826--1832 the electro-magnet
and began his work on the electric telegraph; the Albany
Academy for Girls, founded in 1814 as the Albany Female
Academy (name changed in 1906); and a State Normal College
(1890), with a Model School. The hospitals and charitable
institutions include St Vincent's Orphan Asylum, the Lathrop
Memorial (for children of working mothers), Albany City
Hospital, the Homeopathic Hospital, St Peter's Hospital,
the Albany City Orphan Asylum and the House of the Good
Shepherd. There are a county penitentiary and a State
armoury. The city has 95 acres of boulevards and avenues
under park supervision and several fine parks (17, with 307
acres in 1907), notably Washington (containing Calverley's
bronze statue of Robert Burns, and Rhind's ``Moses at the Rock
of Horeb''), Beaver and Dudley, in which is the old Dudley
Observatory--the present Observatory building is in Lake
Avenue, south-west of Washington Park, where is also the Albany
Hospital. In the beautiful rural cemetery, north of the city,
are the tombs of President Chester A. Arthur and General Philip
Schuyler. The city owns a fine water-supply and a filtration plant
covering 20 acres, with a capacity of 30,000,000 gallons daily
and storage reservoirs with a capacity of 227,000,000 gallons.
The first newspaper in Albany was the Gazetle, founded in
1771. The Argus, founded in 1813 by Jesse Buel (1778--1839)
and edited from 1824 to 1854 by Edwin Croswell (1797-1871), was
lontthe organ of the coterie of New York politicians known .
as the ``Albany Regency,'' and was one of the most influential
Democratic papers in the United States. Previously to their
holding office, Daniel Manning (1831-1887), secretary of the
treasury in President Cleveland's cabinet, was president of the
Argus company, and Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905), secretary
of war during President Cleveland's second administration,
was managing editor of the newspaper. The Evening Journal,
founded in 1830 as an anti-Masonic organ, and for thirty-five
years edited by Thurlow Weed, was equally influential as
an organ of the Whig and later of the Republican party.
Albany is an important railway and commercial centre, particularly
as a distributing point for New England markets, as a lumber
market and--though to a much less extent than formerly-as
a depot for transhipment to the south and west. Among the
city's manufactories are breweries, iron and brass foundries,
stove factories, knitting mills, cotton mills, clothing
factories, slaughtering and meat-packing establishments,
cigar and cigarette factories, and manufactories of adhesive
pastes, court plaster, spring beds, ribbed underwear, aniline
dyes, chemicals, gas meters, fire-brick, and glazed paper and
cardboard. The value of the total factory product in 1905
was $20,208,715, which was 17% greater than that for 1900.
History.---Albany was probably the second place to be
permanently settled within the borders of the original Thirteen
Colonies. It seems likely that French traders ascended
the river as far as the site of the present city in the
first half of the sixteenth century, and according to some
writers a temporary trading post was established here about
1540. Albany's authentic history, however, may be dated from
1614, when Dutch traders built on Castle Island, opposite the
city, a post which they named Fort Nassau. Three years later
the fort was removed to the mainland, and near here in 1618
the Dutch made their first treaty with the Iroquois. In 1624
arrived eighteen families of Dutch Walloons, the first actual
permanent settlers, as distinguished from traders. In that
year, on a hill near the site of the present Capitol, Fort
Orange was built, and around it, as a centre, the new town
grew. At first it was known by the Dutch simply as the
``fuyck'' (hoop), from the curve in the river at this point,
whence was soon derived the name Beverfuvck or Beverwvck. In
1629 the Dutch government granted to Killiaen van Rensselaer,
an Amsttrdam diamond merchant, a tract of land (24 sq. m.)
centring at Fort Orange. Over this tract, the first patroonship
granted in the colony, he had the usual powers and rights of a
patroon. The grant was named Rensselaerwyck in his honour,
became a ``manor'' in 1685, and remained in the family until
1853. The colonists whom he settled upon his grant (1630) were
industrious, and ``Beverwvck'' became increasingly prosperous.
From this time the town, on account of its favourable commercial
and strategic position at the gateway of the Iroquois country
and at the head of navigation on the Hudson river, was for
a century and a half one of the most important places in the
colonies. In 1664. with the transfer of New Netherlands
to English control, the name ``Beverwvck'' was changed to
``Albany''-one of the titles of the duke of York (afterward James
II.). In 1673 the town was acain for a short time under Dutch
control. In 1686 Governor Donaan granted to Albany a city
charter, which provided for an elected council. The first
mayor appointed by the aovernor was Peter Schuyler (1657-1724).
In 1689 was held here the first inter-colonial convention in
America, when delegates from Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth,
