a record of interminable conflicts between the tribesmen
and the Turks, between the Christians and the converts to
Islam, or between all combined and the traditional Montenegrin
enemy. The decline of the Ottoman power, which began towards
the end of the 17th century, was marked by increasing anarchy
and lawlessness in the outlying portions of the empire.
About 1760 a Moslem chieftain, Mehemet of Bushat, after
obtaining the pashalik of Scutari from the Porte, succeeded
in establishing an almost independent sovereignty in Upper
Albania, which remained hereditary in his family for some
generations. In southern Albania Ali Pasha of Tepelen (b.
about 1750), an able, cruel and unscrupulous man, subdued
the neighbouring pashas and chiefs, crushed the Suliotes and
Khimarrliotes, and exercised a practically independent sovereignty
from the Adriatic to the Aegean. He introduced comparative
civilization at Iannina, his capital, and maintained direct
relations with foreign powers. Eventually he renounced his
allegiance to the sultan, but was overthrown by a Turkish army in
1822. Shortly afterwards the dynasty of Scutari came to
an end with the surrender of Mustafa Pasha, the last of the
house of Bushat, to the grand vizier Reshid Pasha, in 1831.
The opposition of the Albanians, Christian as well as Moslem,
to the reforms introduced by the sultan Mahmud II. led
to the devastation of the country and the expatriation of
thousands of its inhabitants. During the next half-century
several local revolts occurred, but no movement of a strictly
political character took place till after the Berlin Treaty
(July 13, 1878), when some of the Moslems and Catholics
combined to resist the stipulated transference of Albanian
territory to Austria-Hungary, Servia and Montenegro) and the
Albaniian League Was formed by an assemblage of chiefs at
Prizren. The movement, which was instigated by the Porte
with the object of evading the provisions of the treaty, Was
so far successful that the restoration of Plava and Gusinye
to Albania was sanctioned by the powers, Montenegro receiving
in exchange the town and district of Dulcigno. The Albanian
leaders, however, soon displayed a spirit of independence,
which proved embarrassing to Turkish diplomacyand caused
alarm at Constantinople; their forces came into conflict with
a Turkish army under Dervish Pasha near Dulcigno (November
1880), and eventually the league was suppressed. A similar
agitation on a smaller scale was organized in southern Albania
to 1esist the territorial concessions awarded by the powers to
Greece. In the spring of 1903 serious disturbances took
place in north-western Albania, but the Turks succeeded in
pacifying the revolted tribesmen, partly by force and partly by
concessions. These movements were far from displaying a
genuinely national character. In recent years attempts have
been made by Albanians resident abroad to propagate the national
idea among their compatriots at home; committees have been
formed at Brussels, Bucharest, Athens and elsewhere, and books,
pamphlets and newspapers are surreptitiously sent into the
country. Unity of aim and effort, however, seems foreign
to the Albanians, except in defence of local or tribal
privileges. The growth of a wider patriotic sentiment must
depend on the spread of popular education; certainly up to
1908 no appreciable progress had been made in this direction.
AUTHORITIES.---F. C. H. Pouqueville, Voyage de la Grece
(Paris, 1820); W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece
(London, 1835); J. G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien (Jena,
1854), Reise durch die Gebiete des Drin und Vardar (Vienna,
1867); F. Bopp, Uber dos Albanesische (Berlin, 1854); J.
P. Fallmerayer, Das albanesische Element in Griechenland
(Munich, 1864); N. Camarda, Saggio di grammatologia comparata
sulla lingua albanese (Leghorn, 1865); Viscountess Strangford,
The Eastern Shores of the Adriatic (London, 1865); H. F.
Tozer, Researches in the Highlands of Turkey (London, 1869);
F. Miklosich, Albanes. Forschungen (Vienna, 1870); C.
Hopf, Chroniques greco-romaines inedites ou peu connues
(Berlin, 1873); H. Hecquard, Histoire et description de la
Haute Albanie ou Guegarie (Paris, undated); S. Gopchevich,
Oberalbanien und seine Liga (Leipzig, 1881); V'. Tajani,
Le Istoria Albanesi (Salerno, 1886); G. Gelchich, La Zedda
e la dinastia dei Balshi (Spalato, 1899); S. Lambros, `E
onomatologia tes 'Attikes kai h eis ten choran
epikesis ton .Albanon in the 'Epeteris tou Parnassou
(Athens, 1896); Theodore Ippen ``Beitrige zur inneren
Geschichte der Turkei im 19. Jahrhundert speciell Albaniens,''
in the Osterreichisch-Ungarische Revue, vol. xxviii.; A.
Philippson, Thessalia und Epirus (Berlin, 1897). See
also Murray's Greece, ed. 1900, pp. 720-731 and 760-814,
and Blue-book Turkey, No. 15, Part ii., 1886. (J. D. B.)
ALBANUS LACUS (mod. Lago di Albano), a lake about 12
m. S.E. of Rome. It is generally considered to have been
formed by a volcanic explosion at the margin of the great
crater of the Albanus Mons; it has the shape of a crater,
the banks cf Which are over 400 ft. in height from the
water-level, while the water is as much as 560 ft. deep
in the S. portion. It is fed by subterraiiean springs.
According to the legend, the emissarium (outlet) which
still drains it was made in 398-397 B.C., the Delphic oracle
having declared that Veri could onlybe taken when the waters
of the lake reached the sea. It is over a mile in length,
hewn in the rock, and about 6 ft. high and 4 ft. broad; it
has vertical shafts at intervals, and a sluice chamber at
its egress from the lake. In the time of Domitian the whole
lake belonged to the imperial domain. (SEEALBALONGA.)
ALBANUS MONS (mod. Monte Cavo, from an early city of
the name of Cabum? 1), the highest point of the volcanic
Alban hills, about 13 m. S.E. of Rome, 3115 ft. above
sea-level. It is upon the line of the rim of the inner crater
of the great volcano, While Tusculum and Algidus Mons mark
the edge of the earlier outer crater, which was about 7 m.
wide. The lakes of Albano and Nemi were probably formed by
volcanic explosions at the margin of the great crater; though a
view has also been expressed that the basins are the result of
subsidence. The name Albanus Mons is also used generally
of the Alban group of hills in which there seem to have been
some remains of volcanic activity in early Roman times, which
covered the early necropolis of Alba Longa, and occasionally
produced showers of stones, e.g. in the time of Tullus
Hostilius (Liv. i. 31), and perhaps much later. In 193 B.C.
it is recorded (ib. xxxv. 9) that such a snower occurred at
Aricia, Lanuvium and on the Aventine. Upon the Mons Albanus
stood the temple of Jupiter Latiaris, where the annual festival
of the Latin League was held. The foundations and some of the
architectural fragments of the temple were still in existence
until 1777, when they were used to build the Passionist
monastery by Cardinal York. The road which ascended to the
temple from the rim of the lake is still well preserved.
1 See Th. Mommsen in Bulletino dell' Istituto (1861),
206; Corpus Inscrip. Lat. (Berlin, 1887), xiv. 2228,
ALBANY, DUKES OF. The territorial designation of Albany was
formerly given to those parts of Scotland to the north of the
firths of Clyde and Forth. The title of duke of Albany was
first bestowed in 1398 by King Robert III. on his brother, Robert
Stewart, ead of Fife (see I. below); but in 1425 it became
extinct. The dukedom was re-created, r. 1458, in favour of
Alexander Stewart, ``lord of Annandale and earl of March',
(see II. below), whose son and successor (see III. below)
left no legitimate heir. The title of duke of Albany was next
bestowed upon Henry Stuart, commonly known as Lord Darnley,
by Mary, queen of Scots, in 1565. From him the title passed
to his son, James VI. of Scotland and I. of England. The
title was by him given, at his birth, to Charles, his second
son, afterwards King Charles I. By Charles II. it was again
bestowed, in 1660, on James, duke ot York, afterwards King
James II. On the 5th of July 1716 Ernest Augustus, bishop of
Osnaburgh [Osnabruck] (1715-1728), youngest brother of King
George I., was created duke of York and Albany, the title
becoming extinct on his death without heirs in 1728. On the
1st of April 1760 Prince Edward Augustus, younger brother of
King George III., was created duke of York and Albany; he died
without heirs on the 17th of September 1767. On the 29th of
November 1784 the title of duke of York and Albany was again
created in favour of Frederick, second son of George III., who
died without heirs on the 5th of January 1827. The title of
duke of Albany was bestowed on the 24th of May 1881 on Prince
Leopold, youngest son of Queen Victoria (see IV. below).
I. ROBERT STEWART, duke of Albany (c. 1345-1420), regent
of Scotland, was a son of King Robert II. by his mistress,
Elizabeth Mure, and was legitimatized when his parents were
married about 1349. In 1361 he married Margaret, countess
of Menteith, and after his widowed sister-in-law, Isabel,
countess of Fife, had recognized him as her heir, he was
known as the earl of Fife and Menteith. Taking an active
part in the government of the kingdom, the earl was made
high chamberlain of Scotland in 1382, and gained military
reputation by leading several plundering expeditions into
England. In 1389 after his elder brother John, earl of
Carrick, had been incapacitated by an accident, and when his
father the king was old and infirm, he was chosen governor
of Scotland by the estates; and he retained the control of
affairs after his brother John became king as Robert III. in
1390. In April 1308 he was created duke of Albany; but
in the following year his nephew David, duke of Rothesay,
the heir to the crown, succeeded him as governor, although
the duke himself was a prominent member of the advising
council. Uncle and nephew soon differed, and in March 1402
the latter died in prison at Falkland. It is not certain
that Albany was responsible for the imprisonment and death
of Rothesay, whom the parliament declared to have died
from natural causes; but the scanty evidence points in the
direction of his guilt. Restored to the office of governor,
the duke was chosen regent of the kingdom after the death
of Robert III. in 1406, as the new king, James I., was a
prisoner in London; and he took vigorous steps to prosecute
the war with England, which had been renewed a few years
before. He was unable, or as some say unwilling, to effect
the release of his royal nephew, and was soon faced by a
formidable revolt led by Donald Macdonald, second lord of the
Isles, who claimed the earldom of Ross and was in alliance with
Henry IV. of England; but the defeat of Donald at Harlaw near
Aberdeen in July 1411 freed him from this danger. Continuing
alternately to fight and to negotiate with England, the duke
died at Stirling Castle in September 1420, and was buried in
Dunfermline Abbey. Albany, who was the ablest prince of his
house, left by his first wife one son, Murdac (or Murdoch)
Stewart, who succeeded him as duke of Albany and regent,
but at whose execution in 1425 the dukedom became extinct.
See Andrew of Wyntoun, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland,
edited by D. Laing (Edinburgh, 1872-1879); John of Fordun,
Scotichronicon, continued by Walter Bower, edited by T.
Hearne (Oxford, 1722); and P. F. Tytler, History of Scotland
(Edinburgh, 1850). See also Sir W. Scott's Fair Maid of Perth.
II. ALEXANDER STEWART, duke of Albany (c. 1454-1485),
