property. When John Keats was in Girvan during his Scottish
tour in 1818 he apostrophized the rock in a fine sonnet.
AIMAK, or EIMAK (Mongolian for ``clan,'' or section of a
tribe), the name given to certain nomadic or semi-nomadic
tribes of Mongolian stock inhabiting the north and north-west
Afghan highlands immediately to the north of Herat. They
were originally known as ``chahar (the four) Eimaks,''
because there were four principal tribes: the Taimani
(the predominating element in the population of Ghur), the
Ferozkhoi, the Jamshidi and, according to some authorities, the
Hazara. The Aimak peoples number upwards of a quarter of a
million, and speak a dialect said to be closely related to
the Kalmuck. They are Sunnite Mahommedans in distinction
from the Hazara who are Shiites. They are predominantly
of Iranian or quasi-Iranian blood, while the Hazara are
Turanian. They are a bold, wild people and renowned fighters.
AIMARD, GUSTAVE, the pen-name of OLIVIER GLOUX (1818-1883),
French novelist, who was born in Paris on the 13th of September
1818. He made use of the materials collected in a roving
and adventurous youth and early manhood in numerous romances
in the style of J. Fenimore Cooper. Among the best of
them are: Les Trappeurs de l'Arkansas (1858); La Grande
flibuste (1860); Nuits mexicaines (1863); La Foret
vierge (1870). He died in Paris on the 20th of June
1883. Many of his novels have been translated into English.
AIMOIN (c. 960-c. 1010), French chronicler, was born
at Villefranche de Longchapt about 960, and in early life
entered the monastery of Fleury, where he became a monk and
passed the greater part of his life. His chief work is a
Historia Francorum, or Libri v. de Gestis Francorum,
which deals with the history of the Franks from the earliest
times to 653, and was continued by other writers until the
middle of the 12th century. It was much in vogue during
the middle ages, but its historical value is now regarded as
slight. It has been edited by G. Waitz and published in
the Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores, Band xxvi.
(Hanover and Berlin, 1826-1892). He also wrote a Vita
Abbonis, abbatis Floriacensis, the last of a series of lives
of the abbots of Fleury, all of which, except the life of
Abbo, have been lost. This has been published by J. Mabillon
in the Acta sanctorum ordinis sancti Benedicti (Paris,
1668-1701). Aimoin's third work was the composition of books
ii. and iii. of the Miracula sancti Benedicti, the first
book of which was written by another monk of Fleury named
Adrevald. This also appears in the Acta sanctorum ordinis sancti
Benedicti. Aimoin, who died about 1010, must be distinguished
from Aimoin, a monk of St Germain-des-Pres, who wrote De
mircalis sancti Germani, and a fragment De Normanorum
gestis circa Parisiacam urbem et de divine in eos ultione
tempore Caroli calvi. Both of these are published in the
Historiae Francorum Scriptores, Tome ii. (Paris, 1639-1649).
See Histoire litteraire de la France, tome vii. (Paris, 1865-1869).
AIN, a department on the eastern frontier of France, formed
in 1790 from Bresse, the Pays de Gex, Bugey, Dombes and
Valromey, districts of Burgundy. It is bounded N. by the
departments of Jura and Saone-et-Loire, W. by Saone-et-Loire
and Rhone, S. by Isere, and E. by the departments of
Savoie and Haute-Savoie and the Swiss cantons Geneva and
Vaud. Pop. (1906) 345,856. Area 2248 sq. m. The department
takes its name from the river Ain, which traverses its centre
in a southerly direction and separates it roughly into two
well-marked physical divisions--a region of mountains to
the east. and of plains to the west. The mountainous region
is occupied by the southern portion of the Jura, which is
divided into parallel chains running north and south and
decreasing in height from east to west. The most easterly
of these chains, that forming the Pays de Gex in the extreme
north-east of the department, contains the Cret de la Neige
(6653 ft.) and other of the highest summits in the whole
range. The district of Bugey occupies the triangle formed
by the Rhone in the south-east of the depart- . ment. West
of the Ain, with the exception of the district covered by the
Revermont, the westernmost chain of the Jura, the country is
flat, consisting in the north of the south portion of the
Bresse, in the south of the marshy Dombes. The chief rivers of
the eastern region are the Valserine and the Seran, right-hand
tributaries of the Rhone, which forms the eastern and southern
boundary of the department; and the Albarine and Oignin,
left-hand aflluents of the Ain. The Bresse is watered by the
Veyle and the Reyssouze, both flowing into the Saone, which
washes the western limit of the department. The climate is
cold in the eastern and central districts of Ain, but it is on
the whole healthy, except in the Dombes. The average rainfall
is about 38 in. The soil in the valleys and plains of the
department, especially in the Bresse, is fertile, producing
large quantities of wheat, as well as oats, buckwheat and
maize. East of the Ain, forests of fir and oak abound on the
mountains, the lower slopes of which give excellent pasture for
sheep and cattle, and much cheese is produced. Horse-raising
is carried on in the Dombes. The pigs and fowls of the
Bresse and the geese and turkeys of the Dombes are largely
exported. The vineyards of Bugey and Revermont yield good
wines. The chief mineral product is the asphalt of the mines
of Seyssel on the eastern frontier, besides which potter's
clay, building stone, hydraulic lime and cement are produced
in the department. There are many corn and saw mills and
the wood-working industry is important. Silk fabrics, coarse
woollen cloth, paper and clocks are manufactured. Live-stock
and agricultural products are exported; the chief imports
are wood and raw silk. The department is within the judicial
circumscription of the appeal court of Lyons and the educational
circumscription (academie) of Lyons. It forms part of the
archiepiscopal province of Besancon. The Rhone and the Saone
are navigable for considerable distances in the department;
the chief railway is that of the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranee
Company, whose line from Macon to Culoz traverses the
department. Ain is divided into five arrondissements--those
of Bourg and Trevoux in the west, and those of Gex, Nantua
and Belley in the east; containing in all 36 cantons and 455
communes. Bourg is the capital and Belley is the seat of a
bishop. Jujurieux, in the arrondissement of Nantua, has the most
important silk factory in the department, occupying over 1000
workpeople. Bellegarde on the eastern frontier is an industrial
centre; it has a manufactory of wood-pulp, and saw and flour
mills, power for which is obtained from the waters of the
Rhone, Oyonnax and its environs, north of Nantua, are noted
for the production of articles in wood and horn, especially
combs. St Rambert, in the arrondissement of Belley, besides
being of industrial importance for its manufactures of silk and
paper, possesses the remains of a Benedictine abbey, powerful
in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The Gothic church
of Ambronay in the arrondissement of Belley, the church of
St Paul de Varax (about 9 m. S.W. of Bourg), a building in
the Romanesque style of Burgundy, and that of Nantua (12th
century), are of architectural interest. Ferney, 4 m. S.W. of
Gex, is famous as the residence of Voltaire from 1758-1778.
AINGER, ALFRED (1837-1904), English divine and man of letters,
was born in London on the 9th of February 1837, the son of an
architect. He was educated at King's College, London, and
at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was ordained in 1860 to a
curacy at Alrewas, near Rugeley. There he remained until 1864,
when he became an assistant master at the Sheffield Collegiate
School. His connexion with the Temple church, in London,
began in 1866, when he was appointed reader; and in 1894 he
succeeded Dr Vaughan as master. In 1887 he was presented to a
canonry in Bristol cathedral, and he was chaplain-in-ordinary
to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. He died on the 8th
of February 1904. Canon Ainger's gentle wit and humour, his
generosity and lovable disposition, endeared him to a wide
circle. In literature his name is chiefly associated with
his sympathetic appreciation of Charles Lamb and Thomas
flood. His works include: Charles Lamb (1882) and Crabbe
(1903) in the ``English Men of Letters'' series; editions
of Lamb's Essays of Elia (1883) and of his Letters
(1888; 2nd ed., 1904), of the Poems (1897) of Thomas Hood,
with a biographical introduction; The Life and Works of
Charles Lamb (12 vols., 1899-1900), articles on Tennyson
and Du Maurier in the Dictionary of National Biography;
The Gospel and Human Life (1904), sermons; Lectures and
Essays (2 vols., 1905), edited by the Rev. H. C. Beeching.
See also Edith Sichel, The Life and Letters of Canon Ainger (1906).
AINMULLER, MAXIMILIAN EMMANUEL (1807-1870), German artist
and glass-painter, was born at Munich on the 14th of February
1807. By the advice of Gartner, director of the royal
porcelain manufactory, he devoted himself to the study of
glass-painting, both as a mechanical process and as an art,
and in 1828 he was appointed director of the newly-founded
royal painted-glass manufactory at Munich. The method
which he gradually perfected there was a development of the
enamel process adopted in the Renaissance, and consisted
in actually painting the design upon the glass, which was
subjected, as each colour was laid on, to carefully-adjusted
heating. The earliest specimens of Ainmuller's work are
to be found in the cathedral of Regensburg. With a few
exceptions, all the windows in Glasgow cathedral are from his
hand. Specimens may also be seen in St Paul's cathedral, and
Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Cologne cathedral contains some
of his finest productions. Ainmuller had considerable skill
as an oil-painter, especially in interiors, his pictures
of the Chapel Royal at Windsor and of Westminster Abbey
being much admired. He died on the 9th of December 1870.
AINSWORTH, HENRY (1571-1622), English Nonconformist divine
and scholar, was born of yeoman stock in 1570/1 at Swanton
Morley, Norfolk. He was for four years from December 1587 a
scholar of Caius College, Cambridge, and, after associating
with the Puritan party in the Church, eventually joined the
Separatists. Driven abroad about the year 1593, he found a
home in ``a blind lane at Amsterdam.'' He acted as ``porter''
to a scholarly bookseller in that city, who, on discovering
his skill in the Hebrew language, made him known to his
countrymen. When part of the London church, of which
Francis Johnson (then in prison) was pastor, reassembled in
Amsterdam, Ainsworth was chosen as their doctor or teacher.
In 1596 he took the lead in drawing up a confession of their
faith, which he reissued in Latin in 1598 and dedicated to
the various universities of Europe (including St Andrews,
Scotland). Johnson joined his flock in 1597, and in 1604 he
and Ainsworth composed An Apology or Defence of such true
Christians as are commonly but unjustly called Brownists. The
task of organizing the church was not easy and dissension was
rife. Of Ainsworth it may be said that, though often embroiled
in controversy, he never put himself forward; yet he was
the most steadfast and cultured champion of the principles
represented by the early Congregationalists. Amid all the
strife of controversy, he steadily pursued his rabbinical
