City. He was a prolific author, writing juvenile stories,
brief histories and biographies, and religious books for
the general reader, and a few works in popular science.
He died on the 31st of October 1879 at Farmington, Maine,
where he had spent part of his time since 1839, and where
his brother Samuel Phillips Abbott founded in 1844 the Abbott
School, popularly cailed ``Little Blue.'' Jacob Abbott's
``Rollo Books''-Rollo at Work, Rollo at Play, Rollo in
Europe, &c. (28 vols.)---are the best known of his writings,
having as their chief characters a representative boy and his
associates. In them Abbott did for one or two generations
of young American readers a service not unlike that performed
earlier, in England and America, by the authors of Evenings at
Home, Sandford and Merton, and the Parent's Assistant. Of
his other writings (he produced more than two hundred volumes
in all), the best are the Franconia Stories (10 vols.),
twenty-two volumes of biographical histories in a series of
thirty-two volumes (with his brother John S. C. Abbott), and
the Young Christian,---all of which had enormous circulations.
His sons, Benjamin Vaughan Abbott (1830-1890), Austin Abbott
(1831-1896), both eminent lawyers, Lyman Abbott (q.v.), and
Edward Abbott (1841-1908), a clergyman, were also well-known
authors. See his Young Christian, Memorial Edition, with
a Sketch of the Author by one of his sons, i.e. Edward
Abbott (New York, 1882), with a bibliography of his works.
ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877), American writer,
was born in Brunswick, Maine, on the 18th of September
1805. He was a brother of Jacob Abbott, and was associated
with him in the management of Abbott's Institute, New York
City, and in the preparation of his series of brief historical
biographies. He is best known, however, as the author of
a partisan and unscholarly, but widely popular and very
readable History of Napoleon Bonaparte (1855), in which
the various elements and episodes in Napoleon's career are
treated with some skill in arrangement, but with unfailing
adulation. Dr Abbott graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825,
prepared for the ministry at Andover Theological Seminary,
and between 1830 and 1844, when he retired from the ministry,
preached successively at Worcester, Roxbury and Nantucket,
Massachusetts. He died at Fair Haven, Connecticut, on the 17th
of June 1877. He was a voluminous writer of books on Christian
ethics, and of histories, which now seem unscholarly and
untrustworthy, but were valuable in their time in cultivating
a popular interest in history. In general, except that
he did not write juvenile fiction, his work in subject and
style closely resembles that of his brother, Jacob Abbott.
ABBOTT, LYMAN (1835- ), American divine and author, was
born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, on the 18th of December 1835,
the son of Jacob Abbott. He graduated at the University
of New York in 1853, studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1856; but soon abandoned the legal profession, and,
after studying theology with his uncle, J. S. C. Abbott,
was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church in
1860. He was pastor of a church in Terre Haute, Indiana, in
1860-1865, and of the New England Church in New York City in
1865--1869. From 1865 to 1868 he was secretary of the American
Union (Freedman's) Commission. In 1869 he resigned his pastorate
to devote himself to literature. He was an associate editor of
Harper's Magazine, was editor of the Illustrated Christian
Weekly, and was co-editor (1876-1881) of The Christian
Union with Henry Ward Beecher, whom he succeeded in 1888 as
pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. From this pastorate he
resigned ten years later. From 1881 he was editor-in-chief
of The Christian Union, renamed The Outlook in 1893; this
periodical reflected his efforts toward social reform, and, in
theology, a liberality, humanitarian and nearly unitarian.
The latter characteristics marked his published works also.
His works include Jesus of Nazareth (1869); Illustrated
Commentary on the New Testament (4 vols., 1875); A Study
in Human Nature (1885); Life of Christ (1894); Evolution
of Christianity (Lowell Lectures, 1896); The Theology of
an Evolutionist (1897); Christianity and Social Problems
(1897); Life and Letters of Paul, (1898); The Life that
Really is (1899); Problems of Life (1900); The Rights
of Man (1901); Henry Ward Beecher (1903); The Christian
Ministry (1905); The Personality of God (1905); Industrial
Problems (1905); and Christ's Secret of Happiness (1907).
He edited Sermons of Henry Ward Beecher (2 vols., 1868).
ABBOTTADAD, a town of British India, 4120 ft. above
sealevel, 63 m. from Rawalpindi, the headquarters of the
Hazara district in the N.W. Frontier Province, called after
its founder, Sir James Abbott, who settled this wild district
after the annexation of the Punjab. It is an important
military cantonment and sanatorium, being the headquarters of
a brigade in the second division of the northern army corps.
In 1901 the population of the town and cantonment was 7764.
ABBREVIATION (Lat. brevis, short), strictly a shortening;
more particularly, an ``abbreviation'' is a letter or group
of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to
represent them for the sake of brevity. Abbreviations, both
of single words and of phrases, having a meaning more or
less fixed and recognized, are common in ancient writings
and inscriptions (see PALAEOGRAPHY and DIPLOMATIC), and
very many are in use at the present time. A distinction is
to be observed between abbreviations and the contractions
that are frequently to be met with in old manuscripts, and
even in early printed books, whereby letters are dropped
out here and there, or particular collocations of letters
represented by somewhat arbitrary symbols. The commonest
form of abbreviation is the substitution for a word of its
initial letter; but, with a view to prevent ambiguity, one
or more of the other letters are frequently added. Letters
are often doubled to indicate a plural or a superlative.
I. CLASSICAL ABBREVIATIONS.---The following list
contains a selection from the abbreviations that occur
in the writings and inscriptions of the Romans:--
A.
A. Absolvo, Aedilis, Aes, Ager, Ago, Aio, Amicus, Annus, Antiquo,
Auctor, Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aurum, Aut.
A.A. Aes alienum, Ante audita, Apud agrum, Aurum argentum.
AA. Augusti. AAA. Augusti tres.
A.A.A.F.F. Auro argento acre flando feriundo.1
A.A.V. Alter ambove.
A.C. Acta causa, Alins civis.
A.D. Ante diem; e.g. A.D.V. Ante diem quintum.
A.D.A. Ad dandos agros.
AEO. Aedes, Aedilis, Aedilitas.
AEM. and AIM. Aemilius, Aemilia.
AER. Aerarium. AER.P. Aere publico.
A.F. Acture fide, Auli filius.
AG. Ager, Ago, Agrippa.
A.G. Ammo grato, Aulus Gellius.
A.L.AE. and A.L.E. Arbitrium litis aestimandae.
A.M. and A.MILL. Ad milliarium.
AN. Aniensis, Annus, Ante.
ANN. Annales, Anni, Annona.
ANT. Ante, Antonius.
A.O. Alii omnes, Amico optimo.
AP. Atppius, Apud.
A.P. Ad pedes, Aedilitia potestate.
A.P.F. Auro (or argento) publico feriundo.
A.P.M. Amico posuit monumentum, Annorum plus minus.
A.P.R.C. Anno post Romam conditam.
ARG. Argentum.
AR.V.V.D.D.Aram votam volens dedicavit, Arma votiva dono dedit.
AT A tergo. Also A TE. and A TER.
A.T.M.D.O. Aio te mihi dare oportere.
AV. Augur, Augustus, Aurelius.
A.V. Annos vixit.
A.V.C. Ab urbe condita.
AVG. Augur, Augustus.
AVGG. Augusti (generally of two). AVGGG. Augusti tres.
AVT.PR.R. Auctoritas provinciae Romanorum.
B.
B. Balbius, Balbus, Beatus, Bene, Beneficiarius, Beneficium,
Bonus, Brutus, Bustum.
B.for V. Berna Bivus, Bixit.
B.A. Bixit anos, Bonis auguriis, Bonus amabilis.
BB.or B.B. Bene bene, i.e. optime, Optimus.
B.D. Bonae deae, Bonum datum.
B.DD. Bonis deabus.
B.D.S.M. Bene de se merenti.
B.F. Bona femina, Bona fides, Bona fortuna, Bonum factum.
B.F. Bona femina, Bona filia.
B.H. Bona hereditaria, Bonorum heres.
B.I. Bonum judicium. B.I.I. Boni judicis judicium.
B.M. Beatae memoriae, Bene merenti.
B.N. Bona nostra, Bonum nomen.
BN.H.I. Bona hic invenies.
B.P. Bona paterna, Bonorum potestas, Bonum publicum.
B.Q. Bene quiescat, Bona quaesita.
B.RP.N. Boho reipublicae natus.
BRT. Britannicus.
B.T. Bonorum tutor, Brevi tempore.
B.V. Bene vale, Bene vixit, Bonus vir.
B.V.V. Balnea vina Venus.
BX. Bixit, for vixit.
C.
C. Caesar, Cains, Caput, Causa, Censor, Civis, Conors, Colonia,
Comitialis (dies), Condemno, Consul, Cum, Curo, Custos.
C. Caia, Centuria, Cum, the prefix Con.
C.B. Civis bonus, Commune bonum, Conjugi benemerenti, Cui bono.
C.C. Calumniae causa, Causa cognita, Conjugi carissimae, Consilium
cepit, Curiae consulto.
C.C.C. Calumniae cavendae causa.
C.C.F. Caesar (or Caius) curavit faciendum, Cains Caii filius.
CC.VV. Clarissimi viri.
C.D. Caesaris decreto, Cains Decius, Comitialibus diebus.
CES. Censor, Censores. CESS. Censores.
C.F. Causa fiduciae, Conjugi fecit, Curavit faciendum.
C.H. Custos heredum, Custos hortorum.
C.I. Caius Julius, Consul jussit, Curavit judex. .
CL. Clarissimus, Claudius, Clodius, Colonia.
CL.V. Clarissimus vir, Clypeum vovit.
C.M. Caius Marius, Causa mortis.
CN. Cnaeus.
COH. Coheres, Conors.
COL. Collega, Collegium, Colonia, Columna.
COLL. Collega, Coloni, Coloniae.
COM. Comes, Comitium, Comparatum.
CON. Conjux, Consensus, Consiliarius, Consul, Consularis.
COR. Cornelia (tribus), Cornelius, Corona, Corpus.
COS. Consiliarius, Consul, Consulares. COSS. Consules.
C.P. Carissimus or Clarissimus puer, Civis publicus, Curavit
ponendum.
C.R. Cains Rufus, Civis Romanus, Curavit reficiendum.
CS. Caesar, Communis, Consul.
C.V. Clarissimus or Consularis vir.
CVR. Cura, Curator, Curavit, Curia.
D.
D. Dat, Dedit, &c., De, Decimus, Decius, Decretum, Decurio,
Deus, Dicit, &c., Dies, Divus, Dominus, Domus, Donum.
D.C. Decurio coloniae, Diebus comitialibus, Divus Caesar.
D.D. Dea Dia, Decurionum decreto, Dedicavit, Deo dedit, Dono dedit.
D.D.D. Datum decreto decurionum, Dono dedit dedicavit.
D.E.R. De ea re.
DES. Designatus.
D.I. Dedit imperator, Diis immortalibus, Diis inferis.
D.l.M. Deo invicto Mithrae, Diis inferis Manibus.
D.M. Deo Magno, Dignus memoria, Diis Manibus, Dolo malo.
D.O.M. Deo Optimo Maximo.
D.P.S. Dedit proprio sumptu, Deo perpetuo sacrum, De pecunia
sua.
E.
E. Ejus, Eques, Erexft, Ergo, Est, Et, Etiam, Ex.
EG. Aeger, Egit, Egregius.
E.M. Egregiae memoriae, Ejusmodi, Erexit monumentum.
EQ.M. Equitum magister.
E.R.A. Ea res agitur.
F.
F. Fabius, Facere, Fecit, &c., Familia, Fastus (dies), Felix,
Femina, Fides, Filius, Flamen, Fortuna, Frater, Fuit, Functus.
F.C. Faciendum curavit, Fidei commissume, Fiduciae causa.
F.D. Fidem dedit, Flamen Dialis, Fraude donavit.
