of a decline, at Rievaulx, in the fifty-seventh year of his
age. In the year 1191 he was canonized. His writings are
voluminous and have never been completely published. Amongst
them are homilies ``on the burden of Babylon in Isaiah'';
three books ``on spiritual friendship''; a life of Edward the
Confessor; an account of miracles wrought at Hexham, and the
tract called Relatio de Standardo. This last is an account
of the Battle of the Standard (1138), better blown than the
similar account by Richard of Hexham, but less trustworthy,
and in places obscured by a peculiarly turgid rhetoric.
See the Vita Alredi in John of Tynemouth's Nova Legenda
Anglie (ed. C. Horstmann, 1901, vol. i. p. 4i), whence it
was taken by Capgrave. From Capgrave the work passed into
the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum (Jan. ii p. 30). This life is
anonymous, but of an early date. The most complete printed
collection of AElred's works is in Migne's Patrologia
Latina, vol. cxcv.; but this does not include the Miracula
Hagulstatdensis Ecclesiae which are printed in J. Raine's
Priory of Hexham, vol. i. (Surtees Society, 1864).--A
complete list of works attributed to AElred is given in
T. Tanner's Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica (1748), pp.
247,248. The Relatio de Standardo has been critically edited
by R. Howlett in Chronicles, &c., of Stephen, Henry II. and
Richard I., vol. iii. (Rolls Series, 1886). . (H. W. C. D.)
AEMILIA VIA, or AEMILIAN WAY. (1) A highroad of Italy,
constructed in 187 B.C. by the consul M. Aemilius Lepidus,
from whom it taves its name; it ran from Ariminum to Placentia,
a distance of 176 m. almost straight N.W., with the plain
of the Po (Padus) and its tributaries on the right, and the
Apennines on the left. The 79th milestone from Ariminum found
in the bed of the Phenus at Bononia records the restoration
of the road by Augustus from Ariminum to the river Trebia in
2 B.C. (Notiz. Scav., 1902, 539). The bridge by which
it crossed the Sillaro was restored by Trajan in A.D. 100
(Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, 621). The modern highroad
follows the ancient line, and some of the original bridges
still exist. After Augustus, the road gave its name to the
district which formed the eighth region of Italy (previously
known as Gallia or Provincia Ariminum), at first in popular
usage (as in Martial), but in official language as early
as the 2nd century; it is still in use (see EMILIA).
The district was bounded on the N. by the Padus, E. by the
Adriatic, S. by the river Crustumium (mod. Conca), and W.
by the Apennines and the Ira (mod. Staffora) at Iria (mod.
Voghera), and corresponds approximately with the modern district.
(2) A road constructed in 109 B.C. by the censor M.
Aemillus Scaurus from Vada Volaterrana and Luna to Vada Sabatia
and thence over the Apennines to Ilertona (Tortona), where
it joined the Via Postumia from Genua to Cremona. We must,
however (as Mommsen points out in C.I.L. v. p. 885), suppose
that the portion of the coast road from Vada Volaterrana to
Genua at least must have existed before the construction of
the Via Postumia in 148 B.C. Indeed Polybius (iii. 39. 8)
tells us (and this must refer to the time of the Gracchi if not
earlier) that the Romans had in his time built the coast road
from the Rhone to Carthago Nova; and it is incredible that the
coast road in Italy itself should not have been constructed
previously. It is, however, a very different thing to open
a road for traffic, and so to construct it that it takes
its name from that construction in perpetuity. (, As.)
AEMILIUS, PAULUS (PAOLO EMILIO ) (d. 1529), Italian
historian, was born at Verona. He obtained such reputation
in his own country that he was invited to France in the reign
of Charles VIII., in order to write in Latin the history
of the kings of France, and was presented to a canonry
in Notre Dame. He enjoyed the patronage and support of
Louis XII. He died at Paris on the 5th of May 1529. His
De Rebus gestis Francorum was translated into French in
1581, and has also been translated into Italian and German.
AENEAS, the famous Trojan hero, son of Anchises and Aphrodite,
one of the most important figures in Greek and Roman legendary
history. In Homer, he is represented as the chief bulwark
of the Trojans next to Hector, and the favourite of the gods,
who frequently interpose to save him from danger (Iliad, v.
311). The legend that he remained in the country after the
fall of Troy, and founded a new kingdom (Iliad, xx. 308;
Hymn to Aphrodite, 196) is now generally considered to be
of comparatively late origin. The story of his emigration is
post-Homeric, and set forth in its fullest development by
Virgil in the Aeneid. Carrying his aged father and household
gods on his back and leading his little son Ascanius by the
hand, he makes his way to the coast, his wife Creusa being
lost during the confusion of the flight. After a perilous
voyage to Thrace, Delos, Crete and Sicily (where his father
dies), he is cast up by a storm, sent by Juno, on the African
coast. Refusing to remain with Dido, queen of Carthage,
who in despair puts an end to her life, he sets sail from
Africa, and after seven years' wandering lands at the
mouth of the Tiber. He is hospitably received by Latinus,
king of Latium, is betrothed to his daughter Lavinia, and
founds a city called after her, Lavinium. Turnus, king of
Rutuli, a rejected suitor, takes up arms against him and
Latinus, but is defeated and slain by Aeneas on the river
Numicius. The story of the Aeneid ends with the death of
Turnus. According to (i. 1. 2), Aeneas, after reigning a few
years over Latium, is slain by the Rutuli; after the battle, his
body cannot be found, and he is supposed to have been carried
up to heaven. He receives divine honours, and is worshipped
under the name of Jupiter Indiges (Dionysius Halle. i. 64).
See J. A. Hild, La Legende d'Enee avant Vergile (1883);
F. Cauer, De Fabuls Graecis ad Romam conditum pertinentibus
(1884) and Die Romische Aeneassage, von Naevius bis
Vergilius (1886); G. Boissier, ``La Legende d'Enee'' in
Revue des Deux Mondes, Sept. 1883; A. Forstemann, Zur
Geschichte des Aeneasmythus (1894); articles in Pauly-Wissowa's
Realencyclopadie (new ed., 1894); Roscher's Lexicon
der Mythologie; Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des
antiquites; Preller's Griechische und romische Mythologie;
and especially Schwegler, Romische Geschichte (1867).
Romances.---The story of Aeneas, as a sequel to the legend of
Troy, formed the subject of several epic romances in the middle
ages. The Roman d'Eneas (c. 1160, or later), of uncertain
authorship (attributed by some to Benoit de Sainte-More),
the first French poem directly imitated from the Aeneid,
is a fairly close adaptation of the oriinal. The trouvere,
however, omits the greater part of the wanderings of Aeneas,
and adorns his narrative with gorgeous descriptions, with
accounts of the marvellous properties of beasts and stones,
and of single combats among the knights who figure in the
story. He also elaborates the episodes most attractive to
his audience, notably those of Dido and Aeneas and Lavinia,
the last of whom plays a far more important part than in the
Aeneid. Where possible, he substitutes human for divine
intervention, and ignores the idea of the glorification
of Rome and Augustus, which dominates the Virgilian epic.
On this work were founded the Eneide or Eneit (between
1180 and 1190) of Heinrich von Veldeke, written in Flemish
and now only extant in a version in the Thuringian dialect,
and the Eneydos, written by William Caxton in 1490. See
Eneas, ed. J. Salverdo de Grave (Halle, 1891); see also
A. Litteraire de la France, xix.; Veldeke's Encide, ed.
Ettmuller (Leipzig, 1852) and O. Behaghel (Heilbronn, 1882);
Eneydos, ed. F. J. Furnivall (1890). For Italian versions
see E. G. Parodi in Studi di filologia romanza (v. 1887).
AENEAS TACTICUS (4th century B.C.), one of the earliest
Greek writers on the art of war. According to Aelianus
Tacticus and Polybius, he wrote a number of treatises
(Upomnemata) on the subject; the only one extant deals with
the best methods of defending a fortified city. An epitome
of the whole was made by Cineas, minister of Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus. The work is chiefly valuable as containing a large
number of historical illustrations. Aeneas was considered by
Casaubon to have been a contemporary of Xenophon and identical
with the Arcadian general Aeneas of Stymphalus, whom Xenophon
(Hellenica, vii. 3) mentions as fighting at the battle
of Mantinea (362 B.C.). Editions in I. Casaubon's (1619),
Gronovius' (1670) and Ernesti's (1763) editions of Polybius;
also.separately, with notes, by J. C. Orelli (Leipzig,
1818). Other texts are those of W. Rustow and H. Kochly
(Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller, vol. i. Leipzig, 183S)
and A. Hug, Prolegomena Critica ad Aeneae editionem (Zurich
University, 1874). See also Count Beausobre, Commentaires
sur la defense des places d'Aeneas (Amsterdam, 1757); A.
Hug, Aeneas von Stymphalos (Zurich, 1877); C. C. Lange,
De Aeneae commentario poliorcetico (Berlin, 1879); M. H.
Meyer, Observationes in Aeneam Tacticum (Halle, 1835) ;
Haase, in Jahns Jahrbuch, 1835, xiv. 1 ; Max Jahns, Gesch.
der Kriegswissenschaften, i. pp. 26-28 (Munich, 1889) ; Ad.
Bauer, in Zeitschrift fur allg. Geschichte, &c., 1886, i.;
T. H. Williams in American Journal of Philology, xxv. 4; E.
Schwartz in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie (Stuttgart, 1894).
AENESIDEMUS, Greek philosopher, was born at Cnossus in Crete
and taught at Alexandria, probably during the first century
B.C. He was the leader of what is sometimes known as the third
sceptical school and revived to a great extent the doctrine
of Pyrrho and Timon. His chief work was the Pyrrhonian
Principles addressed to Lucius Tubero. His philosophy
consisted of four main parts, the reasons for scepticism and
doubt, the attack on causality and truth, a physical theory
and a theory of morality. Of these the two former are
important. The reasons for doubt are given in the form of
the ten ``tropes'': (1) different animals manifest different
modes of perception; (2) similar differences are seen among
individual men; (3) even for the same man, sense-given data are
self-contradictory, (4) vary from time to time with physical
changes, and (5) accord- ing to local relations; (6) and (7)
objects are known only in- directly through the medium of air,
moisture, &c., and are in a condition of perpetual change in
colour, temperature, size and motion; (8) all perceptions are
relative and interact one upon another; (9) Our impressions
become less deep by repetition and custom; and (10) all
men are brought up with different beliefs, under different
laws and social conditions. Truth varies infinitely under
circumstances whose relative weight cannot be accurately
gauged. There is, therefore, no absolute knowledge, for
every man has different perceptions, and, further, arranges
and groups his data in methods peculiar to himself; so
that the sum total is a quantity with a purely subjective
validity. The second part of his work consists in the attack
upon the theory of causality, in which he adduces almost
entirely those considerations which are the basis of modern
scepticism. Cause has no existence apart from the mind which
perceives; its validity is ideal, or, as Kant would have
said, subjective. The relation between cause and effect is
unthinkable. If the two things are different, they are
either simultaneous or in succession. If simultaneous, cause
is effect and effect cause. If not, since effect cannot
