diocese in which the abbey was situated, afford presumption
of continued residence there. He became in 1005 the first
abbot of Eynsham or Ensham, near Oxford, another foundation of
AEthelmaer's. After his elevation he wrote an abridgment
for his monks of AEthelwold's De consuetudine monachorum5,
adapted to their rudimentary ideas of monastic life; a letter
to Wulfgeat of Ylmandun6; an introduction to the study of the
Old and New Testaments (about 1008, edited by William L'Isle
in 1623); a Latin life of his master AEthelwold7; a pastoral
letter for Wulfstan, archbishop of York and bishop of Worcester,
in Latin and English; and an English version of Bede's De
Temporibus8. The Colloquium9, a Latin dialogue designed
to serve his scholars as a manual of Latin conversation, may
date from his life at Cernel. It is safe to assume that the
original draft of this, afterwards enlarged by his pupil,
AElfric Bata, was by AElfric, and represents what his own
scholar days were like. The last mention of AElfric Abbot,
probably the grammarian, is in a will dating from about 1020.
There have been three suppositions about AElfric. (1) He
was identified with AElfric (995--1005), archbishop of
Canterbury. This view was upheld by John Bale (III. Maj.
Bril. Scriptorum 2nd ed., Basel, 1557-1559; vol. i. p.
149, s.v, Alfric); by Humphrey Wanley (Catalogus librorum
septentrionalium, &c., Oxford, 1705, forming vol. ii. of
George Hickes's Antiquae literaturae septemtrionalis); by
Elizabeth Elstob, The English Saxon Homily on the Birthday
of St Gregory (1709; new edition, 1839); and by Edward Rowe
Mores, AElfrico, Dorobernensi, archiepiscopo, Commentarius
(ed. G. J. Thorkelin, 1789), in which the conclusions of earlier
writers on AElfric are reviewed. Mores made him abbot of St
Augustine's at Dover, and finally archbishop of Canterbury.
(2) Sir Henry Spelman, in his Concina . . .(1639, vol. i.
p. 583), printed the Canones ad Wulsinum episcopum, and
suggested AElfric Putta or Putto, archbishop of York, as the
author, adding some note of others bearing the name. The
identity of AElfric the grammarian with AElfric archbishop of
York was also discussed by Henry Wharton, in Anglia Sacra
(1691, vol. i. pp. 125-134), in a dissertation reprinted in
J. P. Migne's Patrologia (vol. 139, pp. 1459-70, Paris,
1853). (3) William of Malmesbuty (De gestis pontificum
Anglorum, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton, Rolls Series, 1870, p.
406) suggested that he was abbot of Malmesbury and bishop of
Crediton. The main facts of his career were finally
elucidated by Eduard Dietrich in a series of articles
contributed to C. W. Niedner's Zeitschrift fur historische
Theologie (vols. for 1855 and 1856, Gotha), which have
formed the basis of all subsequent writings on the subject.
Sketches of AElfric's career are in B. Ten Brink's Early
English Literature (to Wiclif) (trans. H. M. Kennedy,
New York, 1883, pp. 105-112), and by J. S. Westlake in The
Cambridge History of English Literature (vol. i., 1907, pp.
116-129). An excellent bibliography and account of the
critical apparatus is given in Dr R. Wulker's Grundriss
zur Geschichte der angelsachsischen Litteratur (Leipzig,
1885; pp. 452-480). See also the account by Professor Skeat
in Pt. iv. pp. 8-61 of his edition of the Lives of the
Saints, already cited, which gives a full account of the
MSS., and a discussion of AElfric's sources, with further
bibliographical references; and AElfric, a New Study of his
Life and Writings, by Miss C. L. White (Boston, New York and
London, 1898) in the ``Yale Studies in English.'' Alcuini
Interrogationes Sigewulfi Presebyteri in Genesin (ed. G.
E. McLean, Halle, 1883) is attributed to AElfric by its
editor. There are other isolated sermons and treatises by
AElfric, printed in vol. iii. of Grein's Bibl. v. A.S. Prosa.
1 See A Testimonie of Antiquitie, shewing the auncient
fayth in the Church of England touching the sacrament of
the body and bloude of the Lord here publikely preached,
printed by John Day (1567). It was quoted in John Foxe's
Actes and Monuments (ed. 1610)) 2 Ed. J. Zupitza in
Sammlung englischer Denkmaler (vol. i., Berlin, 1880).
3 Edited by Edward Thwaites as Heptateuchus (Oxford 1698);
modern edition in Grein's Bibliothek der A. S. Prosa (vol.
i. Cassel and Gottingen, 1872). See also B. Assmann, Abt
AElfric's . . . Esther (Halle, 1885), and Abt AElfric's Judith
(in Anglia, vol. x.). 4 Printed by Benjamin Thorpe in
Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (1840), with the
later pastoral for Wulfstan. 5 See E. Breck, A Fragment
of AElfric; translation of AEthelwold's De Consuetudine
Monachorum and its relation to other MSS. (Leipzig 1887).
6 Ilmington, on the borders of Warwickshire and Gloucestershire.
7 Included by J. Stevenson in the Chron. Monast. de Abingon
(vol. ii. pp. 253-266, Rolls Series, 1858). 8 See Oswald
Cockayne, Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft (vol. iii.,
1866, pp. xiv.-xix. and pp. 233 et. seq.) in the Rolls
Series. 9 See an article by J. Zupitza in the Zeitschrift
fur deutsches Altertum (vol. xix., new series, 1887).
AELIA CAPITOLINA, the city built by the emperor Hadrian,
A.D. 131, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of
Jerusalem (q.v.), which was in ruins when he visited his
Syrian dominions. Aelia is derived from the emperor's family
name, and Capilolina from that of Jupiter Capitolinus, to
whom a temple was built on the site of the Jewish temple.
AELIAN (AELIANUS TACTICUS), Greek military writer of
the 2nd century A.D., resident at Rome. He is sometimes
confused with Claudius Aelianus, the Roman writer referred to
below. Aelian's military treatise, Taktike Theoria, is
dedicated to Hadrian, though this is probably a mistake for
Trajan, and the date A.D. 106 has been assigned to it. It
is a handbook of Greek, i.e. Macedonian, drill and tactics
as practised by the Hellenistic successors of Alexander the
Great. The author claims to have consulted all the best
authorities, the chief of which was a lost treatise on the
subject by Polybius. Perhaps the chief value of Aelian's work
lies in his critical account of preceding works on the art of
war, and in the fulness of his technical details in matters of
drill. Critics of the 18th century---Guichard Folard and the
prince de Ligne--were unanimous in thinking Aelian greatly
inferior to Arrian, but both on his immediate successors, the
Byzantines, and on the Arabs, who translated the text for their
own use, Aelian exercised a great influence. The emperor Leo
VI. incorporated much of Aelian's text in his own work on the
military art. The Arabic version of Aelian was made about
1350. In spite of its academic nature, the copious details
to be found in the treatise rendered it of the highest value
to the army organizers of the 16th century, who were engaged
in fashioning a regular military system out of the semi-feudal
systems of previous generations. The Macedonian phalanx of
Aelian had many points of resemblance to the solid masses
of pikemen and the ``squadrons'' of cavalry of the Spanish
and Dutch systems, and the translations made in the 16th
century formed the groundwork of numerous books on drill and
tactics. Moreover, his works, with those of Xenophon,
Polybius, Aeneas and Arrian, were minutely studied by
every soldier of the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to
be master of his profession. It has been suggested that
Aellan was the real author of most of Arrian's Tactica,
and that the Taktike Theoria is a later revision of
this original, but the theory is not generally accepted.
The first edition of the Greek text is that of Robortelli
(Venice, 1552); the Elzevir text (Leiden, 1613) has
notes. The text in W. Rustow and H. Kochly's Gricchische
Kriegsschriftsteller (1855) is accompanied by a translation,
notes and reproductions of the original illustrations.
A Latin translation by Theodore Gaza of Thessalonica was
included in the famous collection Veteres de re mililari
scriptores (Rome and Venice, 1487, Cologne, 1528,
&c.). The French translation of Machault, included in his
Milices des Grecs et Romains (Paris, 1615) and entitled
De la Sergenterie des Grecs, a German translation from
Theodore Gaza (Cologne, 1524), and the English version of
Jo. B(ingham), which includes a drill-manual of the English
troops in the Dutch service, Tacticks of Aelian (London,
1616) are of importance in the military literature of the
period. A later French translation by Bouchard de Bussy.
La Milice des Grecs on Tactique d'Elien (Paris 1737 and
1757); Baumgartner's German translation in his incomplete
Sammlung aller Kriegsschriftsteller der Griechen (Mannheim and
Frankenthal, 1779), reproduced in 1786 as Von Schlachtordnungen,
and Viscount Dillon's English version (London, 1814) may
also be mentioned. See also R. Forster, Studien zu den
griechischen Taktikern (Hermes, xii., 1877, pp. 444-449);
F. Wustenfeld, Das Heerwesen der Muhammedaner und die
arabische Uebersetzung der Taktik des Aelianus (Gottingen,
1880); M. Jahns, Gesch. der Kriegswissenscharen, i. 95-97
(Munich, 1889); Rustow and Kochly, Gesch. des griechischen
Kriegswesens (1852). A. de Lort-Serignan, La Phalange
(1880); P. Serre, Etudes sur L'histoire militaire et
maritime des Grecs et des Romains (1887); K. K. Muller,
in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie (Stuttgart, 1894).
AELIAN (CLAUDIUS AELIANUS), Roman author and teacher of
rhetoric, born at Praeneste, flourished under Septimius Severus
and probably outlived Elagabalus (d. 222). He spoke Greek so
perfectly that he was called ``honey-tongued'' (meliglossos);
Although a Roman he preferred Greek authors, and wrote in Greek
himself. His chief works are: On the Nature of Animals,
curious and interesting stories of animal life, frequently
used to convey moral lessons (ed. Schneider, 1784; Jacobs,
1832); Various History-for the most part preserved only in
an abridged form--consisting mainly of anecdotes of men and
customs (ed. Lunemann, 1811). Both works are valuable for the
numerous excerpts from older writers. Considerable fragments
of two other works On Providence and Divine Manifestations
are preserved in Suidas; twenty Peasants' Letters, after the
manner of Alciphron but inferior, are also attributed to him.
Editio princeps of complete works by Gesner, 1556; Hercher,
1864-1866. English translation of the Various History only by Fleming,
1576, and Stanley, 1665; of the Letters by Quillard (French), 1895.
AELRED, AILRED, ETHELRED (1100-1166), English theologian,
historical writer and abbot of Rievaulx, was born at Hexham
about the year 1109. In his youth he was at the court of
Scotland as an attendant of Henry, son of David I. He was in
high favour with that sovereign, but renounced the prospect
of a bishopric to enter the Cistercian house of Rievaulx in
Yorkshire, which was founded in 1131 by Walter Espec. Here
AElred remained for some time as master of the novices, but
between the years 1142 and 1146 was elected abbot of Revesby in
Lincolnshire and migrated thither. In 1146 he became abbot of
Rievaulx. He led a life of the severest asceticism, and was
credited with the power of working miracles; owing to his
reputation the numbers of Rievaulx were greatly increased.
In 1164 he went as a missionary to the Picts of Galloway. He
found their religion at a low ebb, the regular clergy apathetic
and sensual, the bishop little obeyed, the laity divided by
tho family feuds of their rulers, unchaste and ignorant. He
induced a Galwegian chief to take the habit of religion, and
restored the peace of the country. Two years later he died
