Promoted brevet-colonel in 1860, he was specially employed in
1863 in the N.W. frontier of India campaign, and was deputy
adjutant-general, Bengal, from 1863 to 1866, when he returned
home. From 1870 to 1875 Adye was director of artillery and
stores at the War Office. He was made a K.C.B. in 1873,
and was promoted to be major-general and appointed governor
of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1875, and survey
or general of the ordnance in 1880. In 1882 he was chief
of staff and second in command of the expedition to Egypt,
and served throughout the campaign (G.C.B. and thanks of
parliament). He held the government of Gibraltar from 1883 to
1886. Promoted lieutenant-general in 1879, general and
colonel commandant of the Royal Artillery in 1884, he
retired in 1886. He unsuccessfully contested Bath in the
Liberal interest in 1892. He died on the 26th of August
1900. He was author of A Review of The Crimean War; The
Defense of Cawnpore; A Frontier Campaign in Afghanistan;
Recollections of a Military Life; and Indian Frontier Policy.
ADYTUM, the Latinized form of aduton (not to be entered),
the innermost sanctuary in ancient temples, access to which
was forbidden to all but the officiating priests. The most
famous adytum in Greece was in the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
ADZE (from the Old Eng. adesa, of which the origin is
unknown), a tool used for cutting and planing. It is somewhat
like an axe reversed, the edge or the blade curving inward
and placed at right angles to the handle. This shape is
most suitable for planing uneven timber, as inequalities
are ``hooked off'' by the curved blade. (See TOOLS.)
AEACUS, in Greek legend, ancestor of the Aeacidae, was the
son of Zeus and Aegina, daughter of the river-god Asopus.
His mother was carried off by Zeus to the island of Oenone,
which was afterwards called by her name. The island having
been depopulated by a pestilence, Zeus changed the ants upon
it into human beings (Ovid, Met. vii. 520), who were called
Myrmidones (murmekes = ants) . Aeacus ruled over his people
with such justice and impartiality that after his death he
was made judge of the lower world together with Minos and
Rhadamanthus. By his wife Endeis he was the father of Telamon
and Peleus. His successful prayer to Zeus for rain at a time
of drought (Isocrates, Evagoras, 14) was commemorated by
a temple at Aegina (Pausanias ii. 29). He himself erected a
temple to Zeus Panhellenios and helped Poseidon and Apollo
to build the walls of Troy. See Hutchinson, Aeacus, 1901.
AECLANUM, an ancient town of Samnium, Italy, 15 m.
E.S.E. of Beneventum, on the Via Appia (near the modern
Mirabella). It became the chief town of the Hirpini after
Beneventum had become a Roman colony. Sulla captured it
in 89 B.C. by setting on fire the wooden breastwork by
which it was defended, and new fortifications were erected.
Hadrian, who repaired the Via Appia from Beneventum to this
point, made it a colony; it has ruins of the city walls, of an
aqueduct, baths and an amphitheatre; nearly 400 inscriptions
have also been discovered. Two different routes to Apulia
diverged at this point, one (Via Aurelia Aeclanensis) leading
through the modern Ariano to Herdoniae, the other (the Via
Appia of the Empire) passing the Lacus Ampsanctus and going
on to Aquilonia and Venusia; while the road from Aeclanum
to Abellinum (mod. Avellini) may also follow an ancient
line. H. Nissen (Italische Landes kunde, Berlin, 1902,
ii. 819) speaks of another road, which he believes to have
been that followed by Horace, from Aeclanum to Trevicum and
thence to Ausculum; but Th. Monimsen (Corpus Inscrip. Lat.,
Berlin, 1883, ix. 602) is more likely to be right in supposing
that the road taken by Horace ran directly from Beneventum to
Trevicum and thence to Aquilonia (though the course of this
road is not yet determined in detail), and that the easier,
though somewhat longer, road by Aeclanum was of later date.
AEDESIUS (d. A.D. 355), Neoplatonist philosopher, was
born of a noble Cappadocian family. He migrated to Syria,
attracted by the lectures of Iamblichus, whose follower he
became. According to Eunapius, he differed from Iamblichus on
certain points connected with magic. He taught at Pergamum,
his chief disciples being Eusebius and Maximus. He seems
to have modified his doctrines through fear of Constantine.
See Ritter and Preller, 552; Ritter's Geschichte der
Philosophie; T. Whittaker, The Neoplatonists (Cambridge, 1901).
AEDICULA (diminutive of Lat. aedis or aedes, a temple
or house), a small house or temple,--a household shrine
holding small altars or the statues of the Lares and Penates.
AEDILE (Lat. aedilis), in Roman antiquities, the name of
certain Roman magistrates, probably derived from aedis (a
temple), because they had the care of the temple of Ceres,
where the plebeian archives were kept. They were originally
two in number, called ``plebeian'' aediles. They were created
in the same year as the tribunes of the people (494 B.C.),
their persons were sacrosanct or inviolable, and (at least
after until they were elected at the Comitia Tributa out of
the plebeians alone. Originally intended as assistants to
the tribunes, they exercised certain police functions, were
empowered to inflict fines and managed the plebeian and Roman
games. According to Livy (vi. 42), after the passing of
the Licinian rogations, an extra day was added to the Roman
games; the aediles refused to bear the additional expense,
whereupon the patricians offered to undertake it, on condition
that they were admitted to the aedileship. The plebeians
accepted the offer, and accordingly two ``curule'' aediles
were appointed--at first from the patricians alone, then from
patricians and plebeians in turn, lastly, from either--at the
Comitia Tributa under the presidency of the consul. Although
not sacrosanct, they had the right of sitting in a curule
chair and wore the distinctive toga praetexta. They took over
the management of the Roman and Megalesian games, the care
of the patrician temples and had the right of issuing edicts
as superintendents of the markets. But although the curule
aediles always ranked higher than the plebeian, their functions
gradually approximated and became practically identical.
Cicero (Legg. iii. 3, 7) divides these functions under three
heads:--(1) Care of the city: the repair and preservation of
temples, sewers and aqueducts; street cleansing and paving;
regulations regarding traffic, dangerous animals and dilapidated
buildings; precautions against fire; superintendence of baths and
taverns; enforcement of sumptuary laws; punishment of gamblers
and usurers; the care of public morals generally, including the
prevention of foreign superstitions. They also punished those
who had too large a share of the ager publicus, or kept too
many cattle on the state pastures. (2) Care of provisions:
investigation of the quality of the articles supplied and the
correctness of weights and measures; the purchase of corn for
disposal at a low price in case of necessity. (3) Care of
line games: superintendence and organization of the public
games, as well as of those given by themselves and private
individuals (e.g. at funerals) at their own expense.
Ambitious persons often spent enormous sums in this manner to
win the popula1 favour with a view to official advancement.
In 44 Caesar added two patrician aediles, called Cereales,
whose special duty was the care of the corn-supply.
Under Augustus the office lost much of its importance,
its juridical functions and the care of the games being
transferred to the praetor, while its city responsibilities
were limited by the appointment of a praefectus urbi.
In the 3rd century A.D. it disappeared altogether.
AUTHORITIES.--Schubert, De Romanorum Aedilibus (1828);
Hoffmann, De Aedilibus Romanis (1842); Goll, De Aedilibus
sub Caesarum Imperio (1860); Labatut, Les Ediles et les
moeurs (1868); Marquardt Mommsen, Handbuch der romanischen
Altertumer, ii. (1888); Soltau, Die ursprungliche
Bedeutung und Competenz der Aediles Plebis (Bonn, 1882).
AEDUI, HAEDUI or HEDUI (Gr. Aidouoi), a Gallic people
of Gallia Lugdunensis, who inhabited the country between the
Arar (Saone) and Liger (Loire). The statement in Strabo (ii.
3. 192) that they dwelt between the Arar and Dubis (Doubs) is
incorrect. Their territory thus included the greater part
of the modern departments of Saone-et-Loire, Cote d'Or and
Nievre. According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in
the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century
B.C. Before Caesar's time they had attached themselves
to the Romans, and were honoured with the title of brothers
and kinsmen of the Roman people. When the Sequani, their
neighbours on the other side of the Arar, with whom they
were continually quarrelling, invaded their country and
subjugated them with the assistance of a German chieftain
named Ariovistus, the Aedui sent Divitiacus, the druid, to
Rome to appeal to the senate for help, but his mission was
unsuccessful. On his arrival in Gaul (58 B.C.), Caesar
restored their independence. In spite of this, the Aedui
joined the Gallic coalition against Caesar (B.G. vii. 42),
but after the surrender of Vercingetorix at Alesia were glad
to return to their allegiance. Augustus dismantled their
native capital Bibracte on Mont Beuvray, and substituted a
new town with a half-Roman, half-Gaulish name, Augustodunum
(mod. Autun). During the reign of Tiberias (A.D. 21),
they revolted under Julius Sacrovir, and seized Augustudunum,
but were soon put down by Gaius Silius (Tacitus Ann. iii.
43-46). The Aedui were the first of the Gauls to receive
from the emperor Claudius the distinction of juo hanorum.
The oration of Eumenius (q.v.), in which he pleaded for the
restoration of the schools of his native place Augustodunum,
shows that the district was neglected. The chief magistrate
of the Aedui in Caesar's time was called Vergobretus
(according to Mommsen, ``judgment-worker''), who was elected
annually, possessed powers of life and death, but was
forbidden to go beyond the frontier. Certain clientes,
or small communities, were also dependent upon the Aedui.
See A. E. Desjardins, Geographie de la Gaide, ii.
(1876-1893); T. R. Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul (1899).
AEGADIAN ISUANDS (Ital. Isole Egati; anc. Aegales Insulae),
a group of small mountainous islands off the western coast of
Sicily, chiefly remarkable as the scene of the defeat of the
Carthaginian fleet by C. Lutatius Catulus in 241 B.C., which
ended the First Punic War. Favignana (Aegusa), the largest, pop.
(1901) 6414, lies 10 m. S.W. of Trapani; Levanzo (Phorbantia) 8
m. W.; while Maritimo, the ancient iera nesos, 15
m. W. of Trapani, is now reckoned as a part of the group.
They belonged to the Pallavicini family of Genoa until
1874, when they were bought by Signor Florio of Palermo.
AEGEAN CIVILIZATION, the general term for the prehistoric
civilization, previously called ``Mycenaean'' because its existence
was first brought to popular notice by Heinrich Schliemann's
excavations at Mycenae in 1876. Subsequent discoveries, however,
have made it clear that Mycenae was not its chief centre in its
earlier stages, or, perhaps, at any period; and, accordingly,
it is more usual now to adopt a wider geographical title.
I. History of Discovery and Distribution of Remains.--Mycenae
and Tiryns are the two principal sites on which evidence of a
prehistoric civilization was remarked long ago by the classical
Greeks. The curtain-wall and towers of the Mycenaean citadel,
